La prevención del delito a través de prácticas situacionales
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Universidad Santo Tomás Seccional Bucaramanga
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La prevención del delito constituye una aspiración histórica del Derecho penal y específicamente de la criminología, la que como ciencia de carácter científico y tomando como referente los estudios empíricos desarrollados regularmente, identifica en lo fundamental la prevención social comunitaria y la prevención situacional, las que con propósitos determinados se diferencian desde lo axiológico, pero presentan un objetivo común: prevenir el delito. La prevención situacional para fundamentar su contenido toma como referente las teorías de la oportunidad, la de la elección racional, la de las ventanas rotas y la del diseño ambiental, base sobre la cual se han implementado estrategias preventivas de esta naturaleza en diversos países, incluyendo países en vías de desarrollo, estimándose viable el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención situacional mediante el diseño ambiental; tiene un fundamento ideológico eminentemente pragmático y utilitarista; su objetivo no es otro que mantener en límites admisibles el delito como fenómeno social multicausal, razón por la cual más que un conjunto de teorías contra la criminalidad deben ser estimadas acciones técnicas que tributan a una disminución consciente y deliberada del crimen. Su aporte criminológico consiste en que desconoce los procesos de estigmatización que tradicionalmente ha asumido la criminología al considerar al delincuente portador de una conducta desviada, su fundamental crítica radica en que la posible ejecución de actividades delictivas no puede descansar en la condición de ser racional del comisor del delito, toda vez que la motivación del delincuente en última instancia se supedita a condicionantes sociales y económicos, los que se corresponden con fallas estructurales de las sociedades actuales, propias del neoliberalismo.
The prevention of crime constitutes a historical aspiration of criminal law and specifically of criminology, which as a science of a scientific nature and taking as reference the empirical studies developed regularly, fundamentally identifies community social prevention and situational prevention, which with Certain purposes differ from the axiological, but have a common goal to prevent crime. Situational prevention to support its content takes as a reference the theories of opportunity, rational choice, broken windows and environmental design, the basis on which preventive strategies of this nature have been implemented in various countries including countries in the process of development, the development of situational prevention strategies through environmental design being considered feasible; it has an eminently pragmatic and utilitarian ideological foundation; Its objective is simply to maintain crime as a multi-causal social phenomenon in admissible limits, which is why more than a set of theories against crime should be considered technical actions that pay a conscious and deliberate decrease in crime. Its criminological contribution is that it ignores the stigmatization processes that Criminology has traditionally assumed when considering the delinquent carrier of deviant behavior, its fundamental criticism is that the possible execution of criminal activities can not rest on the condition of being a rational commander. of crime, since the motivation of the offender is ultimately subordinated to social and economic conditions, which correspond to structural failures of current societies, typical of neoliberalism.
The prevention of crime constitutes a historical aspiration of criminal law and specifically of criminology, which as a science of a scientific nature and taking as reference the empirical studies developed regularly, fundamentally identifies community social prevention and situational prevention, which with Certain purposes differ from the axiological, but have a common goal to prevent crime. Situational prevention to support its content takes as a reference the theories of opportunity, rational choice, broken windows and environmental design, the basis on which preventive strategies of this nature have been implemented in various countries including countries in the process of development, the development of situational prevention strategies through environmental design being considered feasible; it has an eminently pragmatic and utilitarian ideological foundation; Its objective is simply to maintain crime as a multi-causal social phenomenon in admissible limits, which is why more than a set of theories against crime should be considered technical actions that pay a conscious and deliberate decrease in crime. Its criminological contribution is that it ignores the stigmatization processes that Criminology has traditionally assumed when considering the delinquent carrier of deviant behavior, its fundamental criticism is that the possible execution of criminal activities can not rest on the condition of being a rational commander. of crime, since the motivation of the offender is ultimately subordinated to social and economic conditions, which correspond to structural failures of current societies, typical of neoliberalism.
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Prevención situacional, actividades rutinarias, diseño ambiental, policía comunitaria, elección racional, Situational prevention, routine activities, environmental design, community policing, rational choice
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