Dinámicas Inflacionarias en Contextos Económicos Diferenciados: Un Estudio de Factores Clave y su Influencia Relativa

Abstract

The constant transformations at the global level have significantly impacted a key economic variable: inflation, understood as the sustained and generalized increase in the prices of goods and services over a given period. This phenomenon directly affects the purchasing power of the population and has profound implications for economic stability, employment, and income distribution.

This article aims to identify and analyze the economic and political factors that have influenced inflation rates in developed and developing economies during the period from 2015 to 2025. The study focuses on macroeconomic variables such as interest rates, money supply, exchange rate, and gross domestic product (GDP), as well as structural, institutional, climatic, and public perception factors.

The findings reveal that inflation is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that cannot be explained solely by monetary policy. On the contrary, it results from a combination of external shocks (such as those related to energy, climate, and geopolitics), institutional weaknesses, social perceptions, and structural inequalities. In this context, the importance of central bank independence, institutional strength, public trust, and effective communication is highlighted as key pillars for efficient inflation management.

Modern inflation requires a comprehensive approach that combines traditional economic tools with structural, social, and communication strategies. In particular, it is emphasized that the success of anti-inflationary policies depends on the specific context of each country—its level of development, degree of trade openness, and institutional capacity. This presents a challenge for policymakers: to design adaptive, evidence-based responses focused on social equity, capable of protecting the most vulnerable sectors from the regressive effects of inflation.