Identificación, análisis y prevención de los accidentes más comunes en la construcción de proyectos de infraestructura

Abstract

This research focuses on the identification, analysis, and prevention of the most common accidents in infrastructure construction projects, a sector characterized by high exposure to occupational risks and significant accident rates. Construction activities such as working at heights, excavation, material handling, and the use of heavy machinery create hazardous conditions that can lead to injuries, disabilities, and fatalities. In Colombia, the construction sector shows a considerable level of workplace accidents, highlighting the need to strengthen safety management and preventive strategies. The main objective of this study is to identify the most frequent types of accidents in construction, analyze their causes, and propose preventive measures to improve occupational safety conditions. The research follows a qualitative approach supported by quantitative data, with an exploratory and descriptive scope. It is based on a comprehensive review of legal regulations, statistical reports, and academic literature related to occupational health and safety. The study examines key concepts such as occupational risk, hazard identification, and workplace accidents, as well as the implementation of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS), based on the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle. It also reviews the Colombian legal framework, including Law 1562 of 2012, Decree 1072 of 2015, and Resolution 0312 of 2019, which establish mandatory guidelines for risk management in the workplace. Findings indicate that the most common accidents in construction include falls from heights, being struck by objects, entrapment, electrocution, and physical overexertion. These incidents are mainly associated with unsafe acts, inadequate working conditions, insufficient training, and weak supervision. The dynamic and changing nature of construction sites further increases exposure to multiple risks. Finally, the research proposes preventive strategies such as continuous worker training, strengthening safety culture, implementing standardized safety protocols, and ensuring the proper use of personal protective equipment. In conclusion, effective risk identification and management are essential to reduce accident rates and improve working conditions in the construction sector.