Factores asociados a fracasos de implantes dentales en las clínicas odontológicas del área de oseointegración en la Universidad Santo Tomás en el periodo de tiempo 2015 a 2020

Abstract

Abstract Introduction: Dental implants are biocompatible devices whose function is to replace the root of a vital tooth. Currently, implantology is an innovative branch of dentistry, which is aimed at obtaining stability and comfort for patients, aimed at achieving osseointegration and functional biomechanics of the implant. However, dental implant failure is due to multiple reasons and conditions that can alter or modify the osseointegration of the implant, and this is the reason why it is important to know these factors and the patient's clinical conditions when planning the placement of a dental implant. Objective: To determine the factors associated with the failure of dental implants in the dental clinics of Santo Tomás University in the period of 2015-2020. Materials and methods: This research is a cross-sectional analytical observational study, the population was made up of the medical records of patients treated at the Osseointegration clinic of Santo Tomás University. An instrument was developed to collect sociodemographic variables and clinical variables; however, when carrying out the pilot test, the instrument was modified. The medical records that met the inclusion criteria were selected, after which, the information was systematized in an Excel file where the data was duplicated, ending with the statistical analysis with the Stata/MP statistical package. For univariate analysis, absolute frequency, percentage, and Shapiro Wilk were used. For bivariate analysis, the Chi2 test or Fisher's exact test, Student's T-test, or Wilcoxon's rank test was applied. For all tests, a statistical significance of p<0.05 values were considered. Results: Of 372 clinical histories, 17 histories with dental implant failures were observed. Mostly occurred in female patients in 70.59% (12), aged between 46 and 60 years. According to the periodontal condition, 47.06% of the patients presented gingivitis prior to the placement of the implants, the frequency of failures was given in preload with 82.35%, and most of the lost implants were positioned in the upper jaw. with a p= 0.290. Conclusion: Most of the implants studied failed in their preload period due to multiple factors that similarly predispose to their loss. Clinical and systemic variables of the patient such as the presence of mental disorders, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, bruxism, or the location of the implant in the upper jaw had a higher prevalence in the failures of these implants, however, this evidence does not was statistically significant enough. Cohort studies are recommended for longitudinal follow-up of implants and the inclusion of other possible variables that may be associated with dental implant failure.