Ingeniería y revolución 4.0: cambios en la era NBIC y sus desafíos sociales

Abstract

From the middle of the 18th century, humanity began to experience the so-called industrial revolutions; We are currently addressing the fourth industrial revolution, which differs from the previous three by the speed, impact and extent of the changes it proposes (Grosz, et al., 2016; Nilsson, 2010). Industrial revolutions have brought about changes in social relations, people's professions, the creation of new disciplines and in modes of production. The first revolution produced the permutation of manual labor of the workers to the mechanical work of the machines, thanks to the energy given by steam. The second, introduced electrical energy and series production, which motivated the demand for qualified personnel in different sciences and engineering. The third industrial revolution was based on the use of electronic and information systems, which would trigger intensive automation, the robotization of production processes and the rise of telecommunications technologies (Pérez, 2016). As the Fundación Telefónica (2011) mentions, the fourth industrial revolution or industry 4.0 is what is known as the Internet of Things, which implies that physical objects can interact with each other according to their own technology. Cyber-physical systems are also part of this fourth revolution, which implies a change in industrial production. The development of the Internet, information and communication technologies (ICT), cloud computing, digital platforms and the large volume of data, pose open channels and global networks that exceed the limits of the companies that we currently see and They are mobilizing them to the virtual interaction between them, the digitization and the sensorization of their production processes. (Tascón, 2013; Martínez and Soto, 2019). The concept of the nascent industrial revolution is not new, initially it was talked about connectivity, however it was until 2011 at the Hannover industrial fair where three professors gave it the name of Industry 4.0, then it began to take on more relevance when in the Davos Economic Forum, held in 2016, the central theme was: The Fourth Industrial Revolution, as in the Saint Petersburg International Economic Forum that took place in June 2017 where the theme of the fourth industrial revolution played a role leading role (Oppenheimer, 2018).