Modelacíon ambiental del vertimiento en cuerpos de agua marino

Abstract

This article analyzes the approaches and models used to simulate discharges into marine water bodies, with the goal of understanding their environmental impacts. Through a systematic literature review based on scientific evidence, studies were compiled that use numerical, hydrodynamic, and quality models in urban, island, and industrial contexts. The most common variables and models in these scenarios were also identified. The results highlight the importance of modeling as a predictive tool in pollutant dispersion, risk assessment, and infrastructure design. Models such as ROMS, MIKE3, and visual plumes allow for the simulation of seasonal conditions, tides, and chemical components. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of integrating field data to validate simulations. Finally, the review shows that modeling not only predicts pollutant dispersion but also identifies vulnerable areas and public health risks, especially in sensitive ecosystems such as reefs, mangroves, and seagrass beds. Although there are limitations associated with data availability and model complexity, the need to strengthen environmental data collection and establish standardized technical guidelines is highlighted.