Pregrado Ingeniería Ambiental

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Elaboración de un biofiltro basado en plantas para la mitigación de material particulado y compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COV) en la Universidad Santo Tomás, sede Calle 51.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-09-13) Garzón Falla, Andrés Felipe; Vela Aparicio, Diana Gisset; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001354539; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0002399825; https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=es&user=391Bm-kAAAAJ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0038-4051
The creation of a plant-based biofilter is an idea that has gained traction in recent years, as it offers a renewable alternative for filtering and removing atmospheric pollutants. The proposed concept utilizes plants common to the Bogotá savanna, specifically English ivy (*Hedera helix*) and snake plant (*Sansevieria trifasciata*). The objective was to create a system capable of mitigating the generation of PM2.5, PM10, and VOCs at the Santo Tomás University (Calle 51 campus). A functional biofilter was constructed, achieving an average PM10 removal rate of 49.05% (ranging from 36.79% to 69.48%) and an average PM2.5 removal rate of 26.32% (ranging from 8.28% to 54.88%); data dispersion was observed in these removal figures. Variations were also noted regarding VOCs, leading to an analysis of potential reasons for the obtained results. It should be noted that these results were obtained under varying conditions, including peak and off-peak hours, fan operation (on/off status), and days of the week with the highest pollutant concentrations.
Evaluación de Tecnologías de Tratamiento de Porcinaza y su Viabilidad Ambiental y Energética en Función de las Condiciones Climáticas de las Regiones de Colombia
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-09-29) Martínez González, Ana María; Forero Becerra, Cristian Camilo; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001756834; https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=es&authuser=2&user=s_zyuVsAAAAJ
This research evaluates the environmental and energy viability of technologies for pig manure treatment according to the climatic conditions of the regions of Colombia. It was developed using a qualitative, descriptive, and comparative approach based on a documentary review of scientific and technical literature, environmental regulations, and institutional documents. The study was structured into three phases: identification and characterization of treatment technologies; analysis of the climatic conditions of the Caribbean, Pacific, Andean, Orinoquía, Amazon, and Insular regions; and a multicriteria assessment of their viability considering environmental performance, energy potential, operational complexity, applicability, and climatic adaptation. The results showed that anaerobic digestion technologies present the best overall performance, as they allow for the reduction of organic load and energy recovery through biogas production. The most notable alternatives include CSTR reactors, plug-flow digesters, and two-phase anaerobic digesters. Regionalization showed that temperature, precipitation, humidity, water availability, and altitude influence technology selection. It is concluded that pig manure constitutes a resource with potential for environmental and energy recovery, and that its treatment should be selected considering the specific conditions of each region.
Huella Energética y Ambiental de la Inteligencia Artificial: Revisión Sistemática y Análisis Bibliométrico del Consumo Eléctrico, las Emisiones de Carbono y el Uso de Agua en Sistemas de IA y Centros de Datos, 2015–2025
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-09-29) Caro Alvarado, Oscar Julián; Forero Becerra, Cristian Camilo; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001756834; https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=es&authuser=2&user=s_zyuVsAAAAJ
This article analyzes the scientific literature published between 2015 and 2025 on the energy and environmental footprint of artificial intelligence systems and data centers. It proposes a systematic review and a bibliometric analysis to characterize the evolution of the field, its conceptual and social structure, and the available evidence on electricity consumption, carbon emissions, and water use.
Ruta metodologica para la neutralidad de carbono en el subsector avícola de Santander, Colombia
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-09-29) Reyes Guerrero, Lorena Isabel; Contreras Gomez, Alix Estela Yusara; Universidad Santo Tomás
The poultry sector is one of the most significant productive activities in Colombia. In the a context of the country's commitments to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 and to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 51% by 2030, this study proposes a methodological pathway aimed at guiding carbon neutrality management in the department of Santander, the leading poultry-producing region in the country. The research was conducted through documentary review with a descriptive and propositional approach, drawing on scientific literature, current Colombian regulations, and technical guidelines applicable to environmental and sustainable development fields, with an emphasis on GHG management. The analysis found the main potential emission sources within the poultry production chain, including feed production, fuel consumption in farms and auxiliary facilities, transportation and coordination of inputs and products, electricity use, and the management of poultry litter (manure). Based on these findings, a methodological pathway was structured into four phases: measurement of the carbon footprint, implementation of emission reduction strategies, compensation of residual emissions, and verification or voluntary certification processes. This proposal serves as a technical reference tool to organize climate management within the poultry subsector. However, its implementation requires reliable primary data, the development of verifiable inventories, field validation, and investment commitment from producers, which stands for significant challenge in the face of the current climate crisis.
Biofiltros para el Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de Minas de Carbón Aplicación de Consorcios Bacterianos Acidófilos y Sulfatoreductores en Sistemas Integrados de Biofiltración a Escala de Laboratorio
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-09-23) Pérez Morales, Ana María; Díaz Bello, Sandra Consuelo; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000773050; https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=up11esMAAAAJ&hl=es; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8114-6655
Acid mine drainage (AMD) resulting from coal mining operations in Colombia poses a serious environmental problem—particularly affecting the watersheds of Boyacá, Cundinamarca, and Norte de Santander—characterized by extreme acidity and sulfate concentrations that exceed limits set by national regulations. This literature review, conducted for research purposes, analyzes the state of the art regarding biological technologies for AMD treatment, focusing on an integrated biofiltration system comprising MBBR bioreactors utilizing acidophilic bacteria, anaerobic reactors with sulfate-reducing bacteria, and constructed wetlands. Based on an extensive body of specialized studies, the proposed system entails four treatment stages and achieves removal efficiencies exceeding 90% for sulfates and approaching 99% for various heavy metals, yielding an effluent that complies with Colombian regulations. The system represents a sustainable and economically viable alternative for small-scale coal mining, while also incorporating circular economy principles through the recovery of usable metal sulfides.
Evaluación del Potencial de Microorganismos Acidófilos en la Disminución de Sulfuros Presentes en Drenajes Ácidos de Minas de Carbón
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-09-22) Mesa Benavides, Mirley Dayanna; Prieto Mancilla, Laura Valentina; Díaz Bello, Sandra Consuelo; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000773050; https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=up11esMAAAAJ&hl=es; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8114-6655
Mining is a fundamental activity for global economic development; however, it also generates significant environmental impacts, most notably acid mine drainage (AMD), considered one of the most persistent environmental liabilities due to the oxidation of sulfide minerals and the consequent release of acidity and metals into the environment. In Colombia, this problem occurs in various mining areas and poses a risk to water resources and ecosystems, which has driven the search for sustainable management alternatives. In this context, acidophilic microorganisms play a crucial role in both the formation and control of AMD, thanks to their ability to participate in the oxidation and transformation of iron and sulfur compounds. This literature review aimed to compile, analyze, and synthesize the available scientific information on the biological characteristics, metabolic mechanisms, and role of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, and Sulfolobus solfataricus in processes associated with acid mine drainage (AMD), as well as their potential application in biomining, bioleaching, and bioremediation strategies. The information gathered highlights the importance of understanding the interaction between these microorganisms and sulfide minerals as a basis for developing environmentally sustainable technologies that contribute to the prevention, mitigation, and treatment of acid mine drainage, especially within the context of Colombian mining.
Aplicación de la Metodología Bim en Conjunto con la Sostenibilidad Ambiental en Proyectos
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-09-22) Cely Vargas, Nicolás Santiago; Mendoza Del Rio, Javier Augusto; Universidad Santo Tomás
The research was conducted through a bibliographic and documentary review of scientific studies, theses, and specialized articles published between 2022 and 2026, addressing BIM, sustainability, energy efficiency, and smart construction. The review considered studies carried out in different countries to analyze the application of the BIM methodology within the construction sector from a general perspective, including buildings, civil works, and infrastructure projects, with a focus on environmental sustainability. This research analyzes the implementation of the Building Information Modeling (BIM) methodology focused on sustainability, specifically its 6D dimension, within the construction sector. The study addresses the need to integrate digital tools that optimize planning, design, execution, and maintenance processes under criteria of energy efficiency, environmental impact reduction, and sustainability throughout the building life cycle. Several studies demonstrate that BIM 6D facilitates energy simulation, environmental assessment, life cycle analysis, and efficient resource management, contributing to improved decision-making in architectural and infrastructure projects. The research was conducted through a bibliographic and documentary review of scientific studies, theses, and specialized articles published between 2022 and 2026 related to BIM, sustainability, energy efficiency, and smart construction. The main benefits, challenges, and opportunities associated with BIM 6D integration in construction projects were identified, considering aspects such as material optimization, energy analysis, cost reduction, environmental management, and technological interoperability. Complementary approaches involving artificial intelligence, Lean Construction, virtual reality, and circular economy within BIM environments were also analyzed. The results show that BIM 6D significantly improves sustainability and efficiency in construction projects by enabling better multidisciplinary coordination, error reduction, energy optimization, and environmental assessment from early design stages. In addition, the study identified limitations associated with lack of training, resistance to change, implementation costs, and insufficient standardization in some Latin American contexts. Nevertheless, the advancement of digital technologies and transformation policies within the construction industry increasingly strengthen BIM adoption as a key tool for achieving more sustainable and efficient buildings.
Formulación de un Sistema de Gestión Ambiental Bajo los Parámetros Establecidos en la Norma ISO 14001 para la Empresa Intervidrios Tunja S.A.S
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-09-21) Suarez Molano, Cristian Alfonso; Avellaneda Diaz, Elissa María; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001779792; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=LWUOVXYAAAAJ&hl=es; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0636-7116
INTERVIDRIOS TUNJA S.A.S. is a commercial and industrial company dedicated to the distribution, cutting, polishing, beveling and installation of flat glass, located in the city of Tunja, Boyacá, serving both individual customers and companies from the construction sector of the region. The following degree project was intended to formulate an Environmental Management System (EMS) for the company INTERVIDRIOS S.A.S of the flat glass transformation sector located in Tunja, Boyacá, under the guidelines of the ISO 14001:2015 standard and its Amendment 1 of 2024. The methodology used was theoretical-practical, where the quantitative part stood out, this was developed in five phases: (1) bibliographic and regulatory review, (2) an Initial Environmental Review through a technical visit, (3) an environmental diagnosis, (4) the formulation of the EMS and (5) the socialization with the company’s personnel. In addition, 21 environmental aspects were identified within the eight stages of the production process, within which seven obtained the highest indices of importance of the evaluation according to the methodology of Conesa Fernández-Vítora (1997) and were also defined as the significant aspects of the system, where the generation of fine dust with the presence of silica, abrasive slurries produced by wet polishing and wastewater with suspended solids were highlighted. On the other hand, the mass balance, built by means of reference parameters of the sector due to the lack of access to the company’s operational records, estimated that about 75% of the processed glass is dispatched as a finished product, with approximately 23.5% corresponding to usable fragments through retail sales, and the remaining 1.5% distributed among silica dust, abrasive sludge and non-recoverable waste from the process. Based on these results, the environmental policy was formulated, in addition to seven objectives and goals with SMART criteria, four management programs, a risk matrix, an emergency preparedness and response plan, and a performance evaluation and improvement scheme (indicators, internal audit, management review, and corrective actions), along with the other documentary components required by the standard. It should be noted that the EMS was socialized to senior management and operational personnel, in order to create a complete technical tool to move towards improved and continuously organized environmental management.
Formulación de un plan de manejo del agua con enfoque en seguridad hídrica y adaptación al cambio climático, para el fortalecimiento del acueducto veredal AUAR en la vereda Subia, Silvania- Cundinamarca.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-09-16) Gil Morales, Ana María; Jiménez Garzón, Cristian Alejandro; Rico Hernández, Andrea; Vela Aparicio, Diana Gisset; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001571761; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001354539; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0002214427; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Bns2rMoAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=391Bm-kAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3814-336; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0038-4051
The purpose of this study was to develop a Water Management Plan focused on water security and climate change adaptation to strengthen the AUAR aqueduct located in the village of Subia, in the municipality of Silvania, Cundinamarca. The study arose from the need to strengthen water resource management in the face of population growth and climate variability. The study was conducted between February and July 2026 using a methodology that included characterizing the water supply and estimating the system’s current demand, a survey of the aqueduct infrastructure, the collection of water samples at strategic points in the treatment plant and the distribution network, and the analysis of physicochemical and microbiological parameters, the results of which were compared with the criteria established in Resolution 2115 of 2007. In addition, the main threats related to climate variability and climate change that could affect the availability and quality of the resource were identified. The results showed that the system, which currently serves 360 users, operates under conditions of high pressure on the water source (a Water Use Index of 74.3% based on user demand) and limited water regulation capacity (IRH = 0.62), confirming a state of structural vulnerability. In terms of quality, the treated water complies with current regulations upon leaving the plant, although microbiological contamination was identified in the distribution network. Based on this assessment, a Water Management Plan was formulated, structured around technical, environmental, and management strategies aimed at increasing water security and strengthening the system’s resilience to climate change.
Revisión bibliográfica del uso del software QUAL2K como herramienta de apoyo en la toma de decisiones para la gestión de la calidad del agua
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-09-11) Ramírez Romero, Larry Esteban; Velandia Duarte, Juan Diego; Herrera Jacquelin, François; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7427-0298; https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9729-8474; https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2808-2288
Water management requires tools that relate pollutant loads to hydraulic dynamics to determine the response of the receiving water body. The objective of this review was to analyze the use of QUAL2K as a support tool for water quality decisions, emphasizing its quantitative performance, kinetic processes, and limitations. A structured literature review of publications between 2007 and 2024 was conducted, with the search and selection process concluding in 2026. Forty-five records were identified. After removing three duplicates, discarding seven documents based on title and abstract, excluding three full texts for failing to meet criteria, and removing two documents during the quality assessment, a final sample of 30 studies was obtained. The results show that QUAL2K is most frequently applied in water bodies affected by domestic and municipal wastewater discharges, although it has also been used in industrial, agricultural, mining, and environmental sanitation settings. The reviewed literature shows that the model helps diagnose current conditions, locate critical sections, estimate the effect of discharges, calculate pollutant load reductions, and compare recovery or treatment alternatives. In Colombia, its use is relevant for supporting discharge permits, sanitation plans, wastewater management, and environmental assessments. However, the reliability of its results depends on the quality of field data, proper river segmentation, calibration, validation, and uncertainty analysis. It is concluded that QUAL2K does not replace environmental monitoring, but it does strengthen decision-making by transforming dispersed information into interpretable and comparable scenarios.
Recopilación y análisis de información hidroclimatológica para el diagnóstico y modelación hidrológica para la formulación del plan de ordenamiento del recurso hídrico en la cuenca del río Guavio
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-08-04) Córdoba Borja, Víctor Santiago; Calderon, Dayam Soret; Sierra Garzón, Iraidys; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001499544; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001994550; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=rIHSG1YAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7604-0581
This internship was carried out at the Regional Autonomous Corporation of Cundinamarca (CAR) with the objective of contributing to the formulation of the Water Resource Management Plan (PORH) for the Guavio River basin, through the collection, refinement, analysis, and modeling of hydroclimatological information. The need for this study arises from conflicts regarding water use and availability in the basin, associated with the pressure of human activities and climate variability, which demands robust technical tools to understand the hydrological dynamics of the system. The methodology involved several stages, including data collection from hydrometeorological stations of precipitation and temperature time series, and the implementation of a hydrological model. A combined modeling approach was adopted using the GR4J conceptual rainfall-runoff model and the RS MINERVE platform, allowing the integration of a parsimonious model structure with a semi-distributed spatial representation. This approach enhanced the capacity to simulate runoff generation and flow propagation processes within the basin. Model calibration was performed by comparing observed and simulated streamflow data, using performance indicators such as the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Kling-Gupta efficiency. The results showed an acceptable model performance, with a good representation of the temporal dynamics of streamflow, although peak flows were generally underestimated. Overall, the model proved to be a useful tool for representing the hydrological behavior of the basin and for generating relevant inputs for water availability assessment. These findings contribute to water resource planning by identifying critical periods and supporting decision-making processes. However, the results should be interpreted considering uncertainties related to data quality and model simplifications.
Aplicación de vehículos aéreos no tripulados (UAV) en la vigilancia vectorial y el análisis del riesgo epidemiológico en Regiones Tropicales
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-07-27) Gómez Rodríguez, Leidy Nataly; Nuñez Rivera, Leidy Liseth; Ramos Castañeda, Marcos Andrés; Universidad Santo Tomas; 0000-0001-7974-8182
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), commonly known as drones, have emerged as innovative tools for environmental monitoring and vector control in public health. Through a systematic review of 41 scientific articles and complementary technical documents, three main application areas were identified: automated detection of larval breeding sites, support for epidemiological surveillance through georeferenced aerial imagery, and direct implementation of interventions such as larvicide spraying or release of genetically modified mosquitoes. These studies report significant improvements in operational efficiency, territorial coverage, spatial analysis accuracy, and reductions in entomological indices across various tropical, urban, and rural settings. The integration of drones in these environments is justified by the sustained increase in vector-borne diseases such as dengue, zika, chikungunya, and malaria, whose distribution is influenced by environmental, social, and climatic factors. Variables such as temperature, relative humidity, and accumulated precipitation favor vector reproduction and have led to altitudinal shifts and territorial expansion of these diseases in countries like Colombia, where El Niño and La Niña events exacerbate population exposure. From an environmental engineering perspective, a methodological proposal is made for the design and implementation of UAV systems adapted to Colombian territory, equipped with optical and thermal sensors and artificial intelligence algorithms capable of identifying breeding sites invisible from the ground, executing targeted aerial interventions, and feeding predictive models. Although technical feasibility is documented, successful adoption requires sustained investment, strengthening of local capacities, regulatory adaptation, and community communication strategies. The article concludes that incorporating drones represents a strategic opportunity to modernize environmental and epidemiological management of vector-borne diseases in tropical settings.
Evaluación del potencial de levaduras para el control biológico del moho gris en rosas (rosa SP.; rosaceae) como alternativa al uso de fungicidas de síntesis química.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-07-29) Roa Estevez, Camilo; Garcia Murillo, Paulo; Herrera Jacquelin, Francois; Universidad Santo Tomas
Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the main post-harvest diseases in roses and generates significant economic losses in Colombian floriculture. Due to the limitations associated with the use of chemically synthesized fungicides, this study evaluated the potential of antagonist yeasts as a biological control alternative to inhibit the development of the disease. The pathogen was isolated from flower buds infected with rose Freedom variety and, by pathogenicity tests, a concentration of 1×10³ conidia/ml was established as adequate to induce the disease at room temperature (≈20 °C). Subsequently, bioassays were performed on rose stems under controlled conditions, comparing preventive and curative applications of two antagonist yeasts (LV031 and LV023) and a commercial fungicide based on fluxapyroxad. The results showed that preventive treatments were more effective in reducing the severity of the disease, with values of area under the disease progression curve (AUDPC) close to 12.32, compared to 13.29 observed in curative treatments. Among the agents evaluated, the yeast LV031 (Pichia onychis) stood out for presenting the greatest inhibitory effect, with AUDPC values of approximately 9.31. In contrast, curative applications showed less ability to control the growth of the pathogen. In conclusion, antagonist yeasts, especially LV031, represent a promising and sustainable alternative for the management of B. cinerea in roses, highlighting the importance of preventive application and selection of strains with high biocontrol potential.
Evaluación de riesgo por ruido ocupacional en el aeropuerto Guaymaral Flaminio Suarez Camacho
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-07-09) Barrantes Guerrero, Yineth Tatiana; Rodríguez Guerrero, Paula Andrea; Álvarez Berrio, Johan Alexander; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001559247; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7805-7128
Noise is one of the main physical agents present in work environments, especially in activities related to the aeronautical sector, where takeoff, landing, and engine operation generate high levels of sound pressure. Continuous exposure to these levels can cause adverse health effects in workers, such as auditory fatigue, progressive hearing loss, and impaired concentration and work performance. At general aviation airports, such as Guaymaral Flaminio Suárez Camacho Airport, operational activities include flight instruction, aircraft maintenance, and official operations, creating a variable and potentially hazardous acoustic environment for personnel working in different areas. In Colombia, the assessment of occupational noise is governed by regulations such as Resolution 8321 of 1983 and Resolution 1792 of 1990, which establish criteria for its measurement and control. In this context, sound level measurement allows for the identification of critical areas and the estimation of hearing risk in workplaces. On the other hand, there are few systematic studies that evaluate occupational noise. Complaints have been reported by operators of the same establishment due to the noise generated, raising concerns about compliance with the limits established by environmental regulations and about the long-term effects on the health and quality of life of nearby residents and workers. Therefore, this study focuses on evaluating occupational noise levels in operational areas of the airport.
Análisis de la Implementación de cocinas de leña modificadas en el municipio de Silvia Cauca
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-07-09) Jiménez, Karoll Michelle; León Gonzalez, Paula Daniela; Rico Hernandez, Andrea; Ortiz Penagos, Nidia Elena; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001571761; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000004524; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001769730; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Bns2rMoAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=sQAnw1YAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3814-3360; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1149-2779; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0825-8463
The use of firewood as the primary energy source for cooking remains a widespread practice in rural areas of Colombia, especially in departments with a high proportion of rural populations, such as Cauca. This situation is linked to socioeconomic and cultural factors, as well as limited access to modern energy services, forcing many families to rely on traditional fuels such as biomass. In the municipality of Silvia (Cauca), the use of traditional wood-burning stoves is a cultural practice deeply rooted in rural and indigenous communities. However, this method of cooking has significant environmental and health impacts. On the one hand, the collection of firewood places pressure on forest resources, contributing to deforestation and ecosystem degradation. On the other hand, the combustion of biomass in poorly ventilated spaces causes indoor air pollution, increasing exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and posing health risks such as respiratory infections, chronic lung diseases, and eye conditions, especially among women, children, and older adults. In light of this problem, the study analyzes various technological alternatives for clean cookstoves, with different types of models designed for a range of needs. Through a literature review and analysis of previous experiences, these technologies were evaluated based on sociocultural, technical, and economic criteria, taking into account their feasibility in rural contexts such as Silvia’s. Among the models analyzed, the fixed or in-situ stove, the modular mobile stove, and the Improved Biomass Cookstove with Chimney (ICS)—known as Improved Cookstoves—stand out. These technologies aim to improve energy efficiency, reduce firewood consumption, and lower indoor pollutant emissions. In particular, improved stoves incorporate more efficient combustion chambers and smoke exhaust systems, which significantly reduce exposure to indoor pollutants. As a result of the comparative analysis, it was determined that the improved biomass stove with a chimney (ICS) is the most viable option for the municipality of Silvia, due to its compatibility with traditional cooking practices, its technical feasibility in rural homes, and its potential to improve health conditions and reduce firewood consumption. However, its implementation requires consideration of key aspects such as community participation, adaptation to local customs, proper installation of the smoke exhaust system, and the establishment of maintenance and monitoring strategies. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of integrating economic and institutional components that ensure the project’s sustainability, including co-financing schemes, user training, and the availability of replacement parts. The goal is to prevent the technology from being abandoned and a return to traditional stoves. In conclusion, the implementation of modified wood-burning stoves represents a viable solution for mitigating the environmental and health impacts associated with biomass use in rural areas, provided that it is approached from a comprehensive perspective that takes into account the social, cultural, economic, and technological dimensions of the region.
Sukulent@ – Joyería botánica tienda ambiental, un espacio de observación, reflexión y creación
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-07-29) Bermudez Ballesteros, Hanna Ginery; Duarte Garzon, Omar Eutimio; Universidad Santo Tomás
This document presents the business plan and feasibility analysis for Sukulent@ Botanical Jewelry, a commercial value proposition focused on highlighting urban flora through aesthetic and natural pieces. The study begins with the theoretical and legal foundation of the company in its initial phase, showcasing the beauty of flora alongside a dialogue on the importance of vegetation in urban territories such as Bogotá and Chía. Through a market study using non-probability sampling, the customer profile was identified as female (25–35 years old) with a preference for subtle accessories and physical sales channels; these findings allowed for the establishment of commercial strategies and product evolution within the operational plan. Financial viability, a fundamental part of the project, evaluates results over a 4-month period and calculates 3-year projections. From these, an IRR (Internal Rate of Return) of 79% was obtained for the base year projection (excluding inflation adjustments), indicating that the initial investment can be recovered within the first year of execution, allowing for reinvestment to enhance the commercial proposal. The indicators demonstrate that the business is financially sustainable, technically feasible, and capable of achieving a short-term return on investment. Finally, hybrid distribution strategies and continuous improvement plans are proposed to ensure brand scalability. It is concluded that Sukulent@ is a creative and innovative botanical jewelry proposal with high commercial value, as well as a business model with a high profitability index within the artisanal jewelry sector.
Optimización del Proceso de Electrocoagulación para el Tratamiento de Drenajes Ácidos de Minas de Carbón en Samacá Boyacá
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-06-30) Matamoros Vargas, Lina Fernanda; Díaz Bello, Sandra Consuelo; Avellaneda Díaz, Elisa María; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000773050; https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=up11esMAAAAJ&hl=es; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8114-6655
Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents a significant environmental problem due to its high acidity and heavy metal content. This study evaluated the efficiency of the electrocoagulation process for AMD treatment, using aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and iron/aluminum (Fe/Al) combination electrodes in a 2-liter laboratory-scale reactor under conditions of 33 volts and 0.9 amps. Treatment times of 50, 100, and 150 minutes were performed, with the highest removal efficiency obtained at 100 minutes. Specific energy consumption varied between 12.3 and 37.1 kWh/m³, with an estimated demand of 279 kWh/day at full scale. The feasibility of implementing a photovoltaic solar energy system in Boyacá was also evaluated, determining the need for approximately 150 solar panels. The results demonstrate that electrocoagulation, integrated with renewable energy, is a viable and sustainable alternative for the treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD). During the process, a floating byproduct was generated, which was collected, dried, and characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), revealing the predominant presence of metal oxides such as Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ associated with the coagulation mechanisms. This analysis allowed for the identification of the composition of the generated waste, providing relevant information for its environmental management. The results obtained demonstrate that electrocoagulation, especially with aluminum electrodes operating for 100 minutes, constitutes an efficient alternative for the treatment of acid mine drainage
Apoyo Técnico en la Actualización, Implementación y Seguimiento del Programa de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos en la Sede Principal de DHL Express en Bogotá D.C
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-06-29) Avila Torres, Lina Alejandra; Narvaez Pantoja, Jordan Giovanny; Universidad Santo Tomás
This report describes the technical work carried out in the updating, implementation, and monitoring of the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan (PGIRS) at DHL Express Colombia's headquarters in Bogotá D.C., developed within the framework of the business internship for the Environmental Engineering academic program at Universidad Santo Tomás. The business internship process began with an onboarding of the Environmental Management System (EMS), reviewing the company's weaknesses. Following this, shortcomings in the company's PGIRS were identified, leading to the current project. This began with the development of a diagnostic matrix that evaluated the existing PGIRS against current regulatory requirements, revealing an overall compliance rate of 42% and deficiencies in indicators, control formats, and collection routes. To support the program update and provide further information for the initial diagnostic (baseline), a direct manual characterization of waste generated at the company's headquarters was conducted, and the historical record for 2022–2025 was compiled, establishing a realistic plan for program optimization. Based on these results, the 2025 Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan (PGIRS 2025) was updated with five revised programs, four coded monitoring forms (FO-PGIRS-001 to 004), the monthly report IN-PGIRS-001, the design of two internal collection micro-routes by floor, and the identification of the Más Compost Menos Basura (More Compost Less Waste) supplier for organic waste management. Thanks to the monitoring carried out in May and June 2025 on the activities performed during the first four months of the implementation, progressive improvements in the indicators were evident, with the recovery rate increasing from 58% to 60%. The overall compliance of the programs at the end of the implementation period reached 68%, with the source separation program achieving 100% of its goals, demonstrating the concrete impact of the updated PGIRS on the company's environmental management.
Propuesta de producción de biochar a partir de residuos de aserraderos como estrategia de captura de co2 y gestión sostenible de residuos en Tocancipá, Cundinamarca.
(Universidad Santo Tomás) Molina Rodríguez, Luz Adriana; Mosquera Beltrán, Yesica Natalia; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001428743; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=bDD0MQkAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8997-3751
The increase in greenhouse gas emissions and the inadequate management of wood residues represent significant challenges for climate change mitigation and the sustainable utilization of residual biomass at the local level. In the municipality of Tocancipá (Cundinamarca), the wood processing sector generates an estimated gross supply of 1,120 t/year of lignocellulosic residues which, in the absence of valorization alternatives, may be directed to disposal, natural degradation, or open burning. In this context, the objective of this study is to formulate a proposal for the production of biochar from wood residues generated by local sawmills, as an alternative for residual biomass valorization, carbon removal, and potential application in soils degraded by forest fires. The proposal is based on the Biochar Carbon Removal Certification (CORC) methodology under the PURE Earth standard, on the estimation of residual biomass availability, and on the definition of the technical parameters of the pyrolysis process for its conversion into biochar. Based on an estimated technically recoverable fraction of 560 t/year of dry biomass and a conversion yield of 50%, an approximate production of 280 t/year of biochar is projected. Under the adopted methodological assumptions, a potential net carbon removal of 575 t CO2 eq/year was estimated. Additionally, a conceptual Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) system is proposed as methodological support for the traceability of the estimates, together with potential co-benefits associated with the valorization of wood residues and the potential rehabilitation of soils degraded by forest fires.
Proyecto PDD – cocinas limpias en zona rural de Pacho (Cundinamarca)
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-05-25) Guevara Hernández, Laura Daniela; Palomino Amador, Alexandra Ivon; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000016269; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001838365; https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5101-8620
This project is formulated as an applied technical proposal aimed at mitigating climate change in the rural residential sector by reducing the consumption of solid biomass for cooking in households in the municipality of Pacho, undinamarca. From a methodological perspective, the study adopts a quantitative approach to estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions, complemented by a descriptive analysis of social impacts and economic feasibility. The intervention proposes the progressive adoption of improved biomass cookstoves with chimneys (Improved Cookstoves – ICS), accompanied by a structured Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) system, aligned with the guidelines of the Gold Standard – TPDDTEC (Gold Standard, 2021). The project's unit of measurement corresponds to tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO₂e) avoided as a result of reduced firewood consumption and the substitution of the non-renewable fraction of biomass, with annual monitoring and periodic verifications according to applicable methodologies (UNFCCC, 2022). The geographic area encompasses rural communities within the municipality of Pacho, located approximately at coordinates 5.1370° N, −74.1590° W (WGS84/EPSG:4326). In this area, traditional wood-burning stoves remain the primary cooking technology, a situation consistent with national statistics that demonstrate the continued use of biomass in dispersed rural areas (DANE, 2023). Based on this context, the definition of a baseline for traditional cooking practices is justified, characterized by significant firewood consumption, the simultaneous use of other technologies (stacking), and associated emissions of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O. The intervention, therefore, is structured around a real and verifiable need, considering energy, environmental, and social dimensions. Operationally, the project comprises five main components: (i) identification and selection of beneficiary households; (ii) installation of technically validated improved stoves; (iii) practical training in safe and efficient use and basic maintenance; (iv) After-sales service with scheduled technical visits and availability of critical spare parts; and (v) operation of a robust MRV system. Local governance will be coordinated with community leaders and Community Action Boards, who will support maintenance scheduling, the recording of incidents, and the management of a documented channel for complaints and suggestions, in accordance with the social and environmental safeguards of the adopted standard (Gold Standard, 2021). This participatory approach aims to strengthen technological ownership and reduce the risk of abandonment. The MRV system is based on the triangulation of three complementary technical tools. Therefore, three-day Kitchen Performance Tests (KPT) will be applied to measure the actual firewood consumption per household by weighing it before and after use. Second, Stove Use Monitors (SUMs) will be installed on a rotating sample of stoves to record temperature curves and verify the frequency and duration of effective use. On the other hand, structured surveys will be used to document existing technologies, frequency of use, maintenance, and household satisfaction. The use of digital forms with photographic records, timestamps, and quality controls will reduce measurement errors and strengthen data traceability, in accordance with validated protocols for clean cooking projects (ISO, 2019); (UNFCCC, 2021). The sample design will adopt a stratified scheme based on technology type, household size, and fuel access conditions, selecting a follow-up panel with previously documented replacement criteria. Sensor rotation and the semi-annual repetition of KPT campaigns will improve statistical precision and reduce uncertainty in critical parameters, especially base fuelwood consumption (FC_BL) and displaced fraction (f_d). Therefore, this approach adheres to the principle of methodological prudence, avoiding overestimations and ensuring consistency with the AMS-II.G methodology (UNFCCC, 2022). The ex-ante estimate projects a preliminary reduction range of between 500 and 2,500 tCO₂e per year for coverage of up to 1,000 households, equivalent to 0.5–2.5 tCO₂e per household per year, depending on usage patterns, observed actual efficiency, and the regional value of the non-renewable biomass fraction (fNRB), calculated using the TOOL30 tool (UNFCCC, 2020). In a seven-year baseline scenario, the project could achieve cumulative reductions of approximately 9,400 tCO₂e, a magnitude consistent with similar-scale community interventions. From an economic perspective, the feasibility analysis indicates that the estimated unit cost of an installed stove is approximately COP 1,000,000 per household. Given that the average monthly rural income in Cundinamarca is roughly between COP 900,000 and 1,200,000 (DANE, 2023), the cost of the stove represents between 83% and 111% of the average monthly income. It is worth noting that this relationship demonstrates that adoption without financial support mechanisms would be limited, reinforcing the need for co-financing schemes. Potential income derived from the sale of emission reductions could cover between 11% and 19% of the total projected investment, confirming that the voluntary carbon market is a complementary mechanism, but not sufficient on its own to guarantee financial sustainability. Finally, the project incorporates co-benefits aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy), SDG 3 (good health and well-being), SDG 5 (gender equality), and SDG 13 (climate action). Therefore, a reduction in exposure to indoor smoke, time savings in firewood collection (an activity frequently undertaken by women and adolescents), and improved cooking safety are expected. Furthermore, beyond climate mitigation, the proposal integrates environmental, social, and economic dimensions, establishing itself as a technically sound and methodologically consistent alternative for the transition to cleaner cooking solutions in rural areas.

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