Pregrado Ingeniería Ambiental

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Recopilación y análisis de información hidroclimatológica para el diagnóstico y modelación hidrológica para la formulación del plan de ordenamiento del recurso hídrico en la cuenca del río Guavio
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-08-04) Córdoba Borja, Víctor Santiago; Calderon, Dayam Soret; Sierra Garzón, Iraidys; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001499544; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001994550; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=rIHSG1YAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7604-0581
This internship was carried out at the Regional Autonomous Corporation of Cundinamarca (CAR) with the objective of contributing to the formulation of the Water Resource Management Plan (PORH) for the Guavio River basin, through the collection, refinement, analysis, and modeling of hydroclimatological information. The need for this study arises from conflicts regarding water use and availability in the basin, associated with the pressure of human activities and climate variability, which demands robust technical tools to understand the hydrological dynamics of the system. The methodology involved several stages, including data collection from hydrometeorological stations of precipitation and temperature time series, and the implementation of a hydrological model. A combined modeling approach was adopted using the GR4J conceptual rainfall-runoff model and the RS MINERVE platform, allowing the integration of a parsimonious model structure with a semi-distributed spatial representation. This approach enhanced the capacity to simulate runoff generation and flow propagation processes within the basin. Model calibration was performed by comparing observed and simulated streamflow data, using performance indicators such as the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Kling-Gupta efficiency. The results showed an acceptable model performance, with a good representation of the temporal dynamics of streamflow, although peak flows were generally underestimated. Overall, the model proved to be a useful tool for representing the hydrological behavior of the basin and for generating relevant inputs for water availability assessment. These findings contribute to water resource planning by identifying critical periods and supporting decision-making processes. However, the results should be interpreted considering uncertainties related to data quality and model simplifications.
Aplicación de vehículos aéreos no tripulados (UAV) en la vigilancia vectorial y el análisis del riesgo epidemiológico en Regiones Tropicales
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-07-27) Gómez Rodríguez, Leidy Nataly; Nuñez Rivera, Leidy Liseth; Ramos Castañeda, Marcos Andrés; Universidad Santo Tomas; 0000-0001-7974-8182
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), commonly known as drones, have emerged as innovative tools for environmental monitoring and vector control in public health. Through a systematic review of 41 scientific articles and complementary technical documents, three main application areas were identified: automated detection of larval breeding sites, support for epidemiological surveillance through georeferenced aerial imagery, and direct implementation of interventions such as larvicide spraying or release of genetically modified mosquitoes. These studies report significant improvements in operational efficiency, territorial coverage, spatial analysis accuracy, and reductions in entomological indices across various tropical, urban, and rural settings. The integration of drones in these environments is justified by the sustained increase in vector-borne diseases such as dengue, zika, chikungunya, and malaria, whose distribution is influenced by environmental, social, and climatic factors. Variables such as temperature, relative humidity, and accumulated precipitation favor vector reproduction and have led to altitudinal shifts and territorial expansion of these diseases in countries like Colombia, where El Niño and La Niña events exacerbate population exposure. From an environmental engineering perspective, a methodological proposal is made for the design and implementation of UAV systems adapted to Colombian territory, equipped with optical and thermal sensors and artificial intelligence algorithms capable of identifying breeding sites invisible from the ground, executing targeted aerial interventions, and feeding predictive models. Although technical feasibility is documented, successful adoption requires sustained investment, strengthening of local capacities, regulatory adaptation, and community communication strategies. The article concludes that incorporating drones represents a strategic opportunity to modernize environmental and epidemiological management of vector-borne diseases in tropical settings.
Evaluación del potencial de levaduras para el control biológico del moho gris en rosas (rosa SP.; rosaceae) como alternativa al uso de fungicidas de síntesis química.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-07-29) Roa Estevez, Camilo; Garcia Murillo, Paulo; Herrera Jacquelin, Francois; Universidad Santo Tomas
Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the main post-harvest diseases in roses and generates significant economic losses in Colombian floriculture. Due to the limitations associated with the use of chemically synthesized fungicides, this study evaluated the potential of antagonist yeasts as a biological control alternative to inhibit the development of the disease. The pathogen was isolated from flower buds infected with rose Freedom variety and, by pathogenicity tests, a concentration of 1×10³ conidia/ml was established as adequate to induce the disease at room temperature (≈20 °C). Subsequently, bioassays were performed on rose stems under controlled conditions, comparing preventive and curative applications of two antagonist yeasts (LV031 and LV023) and a commercial fungicide based on fluxapyroxad. The results showed that preventive treatments were more effective in reducing the severity of the disease, with values of area under the disease progression curve (AUDPC) close to 12.32, compared to 13.29 observed in curative treatments. Among the agents evaluated, the yeast LV031 (Pichia onychis) stood out for presenting the greatest inhibitory effect, with AUDPC values of approximately 9.31. In contrast, curative applications showed less ability to control the growth of the pathogen. In conclusion, antagonist yeasts, especially LV031, represent a promising and sustainable alternative for the management of B. cinerea in roses, highlighting the importance of preventive application and selection of strains with high biocontrol potential.
Evaluación de riesgo por ruido ocupacional en el aeropuerto Guaymaral Flaminio Suarez Camacho
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-07-09) Barrantes Guerrero, Yineth Tatiana; Rodríguez Guerrero, Paula Andrea; Álvarez Berrio, Johan Alexander; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001559247; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7805-7128
Noise is one of the main physical agents present in work environments, especially in activities related to the aeronautical sector, where takeoff, landing, and engine operation generate high levels of sound pressure. Continuous exposure to these levels can cause adverse health effects in workers, such as auditory fatigue, progressive hearing loss, and impaired concentration and work performance. At general aviation airports, such as Guaymaral Flaminio Suárez Camacho Airport, operational activities include flight instruction, aircraft maintenance, and official operations, creating a variable and potentially hazardous acoustic environment for personnel working in different areas. In Colombia, the assessment of occupational noise is governed by regulations such as Resolution 8321 of 1983 and Resolution 1792 of 1990, which establish criteria for its measurement and control. In this context, sound level measurement allows for the identification of critical areas and the estimation of hearing risk in workplaces. On the other hand, there are few systematic studies that evaluate occupational noise. Complaints have been reported by operators of the same establishment due to the noise generated, raising concerns about compliance with the limits established by environmental regulations and about the long-term effects on the health and quality of life of nearby residents and workers. Therefore, this study focuses on evaluating occupational noise levels in operational areas of the airport.
Análisis de la Implementación de cocinas de leña modificadas en el municipio de Silvia Cauca
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-07-09) Jiménez, Karoll Michelle; León Gonzalez, Paula Daniela; Rico Hernandez, Andrea; Ortiz Penagos, Nidia Elena; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001571761; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000004524; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001769730; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Bns2rMoAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=sQAnw1YAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3814-3360; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1149-2779; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0825-8463
The use of firewood as the primary energy source for cooking remains a widespread practice in rural areas of Colombia, especially in departments with a high proportion of rural populations, such as Cauca. This situation is linked to socioeconomic and cultural factors, as well as limited access to modern energy services, forcing many families to rely on traditional fuels such as biomass. In the municipality of Silvia (Cauca), the use of traditional wood-burning stoves is a cultural practice deeply rooted in rural and indigenous communities. However, this method of cooking has significant environmental and health impacts. On the one hand, the collection of firewood places pressure on forest resources, contributing to deforestation and ecosystem degradation. On the other hand, the combustion of biomass in poorly ventilated spaces causes indoor air pollution, increasing exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and posing health risks such as respiratory infections, chronic lung diseases, and eye conditions, especially among women, children, and older adults. In light of this problem, the study analyzes various technological alternatives for clean cookstoves, with different types of models designed for a range of needs. Through a literature review and analysis of previous experiences, these technologies were evaluated based on sociocultural, technical, and economic criteria, taking into account their feasibility in rural contexts such as Silvia’s. Among the models analyzed, the fixed or in-situ stove, the modular mobile stove, and the Improved Biomass Cookstove with Chimney (ICS)—known as Improved Cookstoves—stand out. These technologies aim to improve energy efficiency, reduce firewood consumption, and lower indoor pollutant emissions. In particular, improved stoves incorporate more efficient combustion chambers and smoke exhaust systems, which significantly reduce exposure to indoor pollutants. As a result of the comparative analysis, it was determined that the improved biomass stove with a chimney (ICS) is the most viable option for the municipality of Silvia, due to its compatibility with traditional cooking practices, its technical feasibility in rural homes, and its potential to improve health conditions and reduce firewood consumption. However, its implementation requires consideration of key aspects such as community participation, adaptation to local customs, proper installation of the smoke exhaust system, and the establishment of maintenance and monitoring strategies. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of integrating economic and institutional components that ensure the project’s sustainability, including co-financing schemes, user training, and the availability of replacement parts. The goal is to prevent the technology from being abandoned and a return to traditional stoves. In conclusion, the implementation of modified wood-burning stoves represents a viable solution for mitigating the environmental and health impacts associated with biomass use in rural areas, provided that it is approached from a comprehensive perspective that takes into account the social, cultural, economic, and technological dimensions of the region.
Sukulent@ – Joyería botánica tienda ambiental, un espacio de observación, reflexión y creación
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-07-29) Bermudez Ballesteros, Hanna Ginery; Duarte Garzon, Omar Eutimio; Universidad Santo Tomás
This document presents the business plan and feasibility analysis for Sukulent@ Botanical Jewelry, a commercial value proposition focused on highlighting urban flora through aesthetic and natural pieces. The study begins with the theoretical and legal foundation of the company in its initial phase, showcasing the beauty of flora alongside a dialogue on the importance of vegetation in urban territories such as Bogotá and Chía. Through a market study using non-probability sampling, the customer profile was identified as female (25–35 years old) with a preference for subtle accessories and physical sales channels; these findings allowed for the establishment of commercial strategies and product evolution within the operational plan. Financial viability, a fundamental part of the project, evaluates results over a 4-month period and calculates 3-year projections. From these, an IRR (Internal Rate of Return) of 79% was obtained for the base year projection (excluding inflation adjustments), indicating that the initial investment can be recovered within the first year of execution, allowing for reinvestment to enhance the commercial proposal. The indicators demonstrate that the business is financially sustainable, technically feasible, and capable of achieving a short-term return on investment. Finally, hybrid distribution strategies and continuous improvement plans are proposed to ensure brand scalability. It is concluded that Sukulent@ is a creative and innovative botanical jewelry proposal with high commercial value, as well as a business model with a high profitability index within the artisanal jewelry sector.
Optimización del Proceso de Electrocoagulación para el Tratamiento de Drenajes Ácidos de Minas de Carbón en Samacá Boyacá
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-06-30) Matamoros Vargas, Lina Fernanda; Díaz Bello, Sandra Consuelo; Avellaneda Díaz, Elisa María; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000773050; https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=up11esMAAAAJ&hl=es; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8114-6655
Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents a significant environmental problem due to its high acidity and heavy metal content. This study evaluated the efficiency of the electrocoagulation process for AMD treatment, using aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and iron/aluminum (Fe/Al) combination electrodes in a 2-liter laboratory-scale reactor under conditions of 33 volts and 0.9 amps. Treatment times of 50, 100, and 150 minutes were performed, with the highest removal efficiency obtained at 100 minutes. Specific energy consumption varied between 12.3 and 37.1 kWh/m³, with an estimated demand of 279 kWh/day at full scale. The feasibility of implementing a photovoltaic solar energy system in Boyacá was also evaluated, determining the need for approximately 150 solar panels. The results demonstrate that electrocoagulation, integrated with renewable energy, is a viable and sustainable alternative for the treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD). During the process, a floating byproduct was generated, which was collected, dried, and characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), revealing the predominant presence of metal oxides such as Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ associated with the coagulation mechanisms. This analysis allowed for the identification of the composition of the generated waste, providing relevant information for its environmental management. The results obtained demonstrate that electrocoagulation, especially with aluminum electrodes operating for 100 minutes, constitutes an efficient alternative for the treatment of acid mine drainage
Apoyo Técnico en la Actualización, Implementación y Seguimiento del Programa de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos en la Sede Principal de DHL Express en Bogotá D.C
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-06-29) Avila Torres, Lina Alejandra; Narvaez Pantoja, Jordan Giovanny; Universidad Santo Tomás
This report describes the technical work carried out in the updating, implementation, and monitoring of the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan (PGIRS) at DHL Express Colombia's headquarters in Bogotá D.C., developed within the framework of the business internship for the Environmental Engineering academic program at Universidad Santo Tomás. The business internship process began with an onboarding of the Environmental Management System (EMS), reviewing the company's weaknesses. Following this, shortcomings in the company's PGIRS were identified, leading to the current project. This began with the development of a diagnostic matrix that evaluated the existing PGIRS against current regulatory requirements, revealing an overall compliance rate of 42% and deficiencies in indicators, control formats, and collection routes. To support the program update and provide further information for the initial diagnostic (baseline), a direct manual characterization of waste generated at the company's headquarters was conducted, and the historical record for 2022–2025 was compiled, establishing a realistic plan for program optimization. Based on these results, the 2025 Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan (PGIRS 2025) was updated with five revised programs, four coded monitoring forms (FO-PGIRS-001 to 004), the monthly report IN-PGIRS-001, the design of two internal collection micro-routes by floor, and the identification of the Más Compost Menos Basura (More Compost Less Waste) supplier for organic waste management. Thanks to the monitoring carried out in May and June 2025 on the activities performed during the first four months of the implementation, progressive improvements in the indicators were evident, with the recovery rate increasing from 58% to 60%. The overall compliance of the programs at the end of the implementation period reached 68%, with the source separation program achieving 100% of its goals, demonstrating the concrete impact of the updated PGIRS on the company's environmental management.
Propuesta de producción de biochar a partir de residuos de aserraderos como estrategia de captura de co2 y gestión sostenible de residuos en Tocancipá, Cundinamarca.
(Universidad Santo Tomás) Molina Rodríguez, Luz Adriana; Mosquera Beltrán, Yesica Natalia; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001428743; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=bDD0MQkAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8997-3751
The increase in greenhouse gas emissions and the inadequate management of wood residues represent significant challenges for climate change mitigation and the sustainable utilization of residual biomass at the local level. In the municipality of Tocancipá (Cundinamarca), the wood processing sector generates an estimated gross supply of 1,120 t/year of lignocellulosic residues which, in the absence of valorization alternatives, may be directed to disposal, natural degradation, or open burning. In this context, the objective of this study is to formulate a proposal for the production of biochar from wood residues generated by local sawmills, as an alternative for residual biomass valorization, carbon removal, and potential application in soils degraded by forest fires. The proposal is based on the Biochar Carbon Removal Certification (CORC) methodology under the PURE Earth standard, on the estimation of residual biomass availability, and on the definition of the technical parameters of the pyrolysis process for its conversion into biochar. Based on an estimated technically recoverable fraction of 560 t/year of dry biomass and a conversion yield of 50%, an approximate production of 280 t/year of biochar is projected. Under the adopted methodological assumptions, a potential net carbon removal of 575 t CO2 eq/year was estimated. Additionally, a conceptual Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) system is proposed as methodological support for the traceability of the estimates, together with potential co-benefits associated with the valorization of wood residues and the potential rehabilitation of soils degraded by forest fires.
Proyecto PDD – cocinas limpias en zona rural de Pacho (Cundinamarca)
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-05-25) Guevara Hernández, Laura Daniela; Palomino Amador, Alexandra Ivon; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000016269; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001838365; https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5101-8620
This project is formulated as an applied technical proposal aimed at mitigating climate change in the rural residential sector by reducing the consumption of solid biomass for cooking in households in the municipality of Pacho, undinamarca. From a methodological perspective, the study adopts a quantitative approach to estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions, complemented by a descriptive analysis of social impacts and economic feasibility. The intervention proposes the progressive adoption of improved biomass cookstoves with chimneys (Improved Cookstoves – ICS), accompanied by a structured Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) system, aligned with the guidelines of the Gold Standard – TPDDTEC (Gold Standard, 2021). The project's unit of measurement corresponds to tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO₂e) avoided as a result of reduced firewood consumption and the substitution of the non-renewable fraction of biomass, with annual monitoring and periodic verifications according to applicable methodologies (UNFCCC, 2022). The geographic area encompasses rural communities within the municipality of Pacho, located approximately at coordinates 5.1370° N, −74.1590° W (WGS84/EPSG:4326). In this area, traditional wood-burning stoves remain the primary cooking technology, a situation consistent with national statistics that demonstrate the continued use of biomass in dispersed rural areas (DANE, 2023). Based on this context, the definition of a baseline for traditional cooking practices is justified, characterized by significant firewood consumption, the simultaneous use of other technologies (stacking), and associated emissions of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O. The intervention, therefore, is structured around a real and verifiable need, considering energy, environmental, and social dimensions. Operationally, the project comprises five main components: (i) identification and selection of beneficiary households; (ii) installation of technically validated improved stoves; (iii) practical training in safe and efficient use and basic maintenance; (iv) After-sales service with scheduled technical visits and availability of critical spare parts; and (v) operation of a robust MRV system. Local governance will be coordinated with community leaders and Community Action Boards, who will support maintenance scheduling, the recording of incidents, and the management of a documented channel for complaints and suggestions, in accordance with the social and environmental safeguards of the adopted standard (Gold Standard, 2021). This participatory approach aims to strengthen technological ownership and reduce the risk of abandonment. The MRV system is based on the triangulation of three complementary technical tools. Therefore, three-day Kitchen Performance Tests (KPT) will be applied to measure the actual firewood consumption per household by weighing it before and after use. Second, Stove Use Monitors (SUMs) will be installed on a rotating sample of stoves to record temperature curves and verify the frequency and duration of effective use. On the other hand, structured surveys will be used to document existing technologies, frequency of use, maintenance, and household satisfaction. The use of digital forms with photographic records, timestamps, and quality controls will reduce measurement errors and strengthen data traceability, in accordance with validated protocols for clean cooking projects (ISO, 2019); (UNFCCC, 2021). The sample design will adopt a stratified scheme based on technology type, household size, and fuel access conditions, selecting a follow-up panel with previously documented replacement criteria. Sensor rotation and the semi-annual repetition of KPT campaigns will improve statistical precision and reduce uncertainty in critical parameters, especially base fuelwood consumption (FC_BL) and displaced fraction (f_d). Therefore, this approach adheres to the principle of methodological prudence, avoiding overestimations and ensuring consistency with the AMS-II.G methodology (UNFCCC, 2022). The ex-ante estimate projects a preliminary reduction range of between 500 and 2,500 tCO₂e per year for coverage of up to 1,000 households, equivalent to 0.5–2.5 tCO₂e per household per year, depending on usage patterns, observed actual efficiency, and the regional value of the non-renewable biomass fraction (fNRB), calculated using the TOOL30 tool (UNFCCC, 2020). In a seven-year baseline scenario, the project could achieve cumulative reductions of approximately 9,400 tCO₂e, a magnitude consistent with similar-scale community interventions. From an economic perspective, the feasibility analysis indicates that the estimated unit cost of an installed stove is approximately COP 1,000,000 per household. Given that the average monthly rural income in Cundinamarca is roughly between COP 900,000 and 1,200,000 (DANE, 2023), the cost of the stove represents between 83% and 111% of the average monthly income. It is worth noting that this relationship demonstrates that adoption without financial support mechanisms would be limited, reinforcing the need for co-financing schemes. Potential income derived from the sale of emission reductions could cover between 11% and 19% of the total projected investment, confirming that the voluntary carbon market is a complementary mechanism, but not sufficient on its own to guarantee financial sustainability. Finally, the project incorporates co-benefits aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy), SDG 3 (good health and well-being), SDG 5 (gender equality), and SDG 13 (climate action). Therefore, a reduction in exposure to indoor smoke, time savings in firewood collection (an activity frequently undertaken by women and adolescents), and improved cooking safety are expected. Furthermore, beyond climate mitigation, the proposal integrates environmental, social, and economic dimensions, establishing itself as a technically sound and methodologically consistent alternative for the transition to cleaner cooking solutions in rural areas.
Análisis de la calidad del aire intramural mediante a determinación de bioaersoles en el aereopuerto Guaymaral Flaminio Suarez Camacho
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-05-07) Badovinac Badovinac, Sara Lucia; Gómez Correa, Helem Stephania; Alvarez Berrio, Johan Alexander; Vela Aparicio, Diana Gisset; Herrera Jacquelin, Francois; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001559247; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0002450606; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001354539; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001341603; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Xov2Q88AAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=391Bm-kAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7805-7128; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0038-4051; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7427-0298
Objective. To determine the presence of bioaerosols at Guaymaral Airport Flaminio Suárez Camacho as a potential source of risk. Materials and methods. Areas with high influence and low wind flow were selected for air sampling, where environmental factors were measured. At the same time, particulate matter concentrations were assessed to evaluate their possible impact on the dispersion of biological contaminants. Data were analyzed in IBM SPSS using correlation and group comparison tests, selected according to data distribution. Results. An average of 54 CFU/m³ of bacteria was quantified, with a greater predominance of airborne fungi (365 CFU/m³). Significant correlations were identified between environmental variables, as well as positive associations between bacterial CFU and CEM (r = 0.577; p < 0.001) and relative humidity (r = 0.519; p < 0.001), and a weak relationship between fungal CFU and particulate matter (r = 0.313; p = 0.049). No significant differences were observed among sampling sites; however, temporal differences were evident for bacteria and particulate matter, with differential fungal behavior on sampling date 3. Conclusions. The study identified bioaerosols as a potential health risk influenced by environmental.
Determinación de propiedades farmacocinéticas, toxicocinéticas y ADME/Tox de aceites esenciales y compuestos mayoritarios mediante análisis cienciométrico de artículos y patentes
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-04-29) Estrada Lagos, Sofía Valentina; Cervantes, Martha; Universidad Santo Tomás
Research on essential oils and major compounds has grown steadily; however, knowledge of their pharmacokinetic, toxicokinetic, and ADME/Tox properties remains fragmented, with limited articulation between scientific production and technological development. Objective: To analyze the dynamics, thematic structure, and technological projection of the scientific and inventive activity related to the pharmacokinetic, toxicokinetic, and ADME/Tox properties of essential oils and major compounds. Method: A descriptive, retrospective, and analytical study was conducted using a scientometric and technological surveillance approach, based on records retrieved from Scopus and Lens Patent for the 2016–2026 period. Data processing and analysis were supported by VantagePoint, Bibliometrix, VOSviewer, and Tree of Science. Results: An initial corpus of 603 articles and 306 patent documents was identified. Scientific production showed a growing trend, particularly between 2021 and 2025, with Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology as the dominant subject areas. China, India, and Saudi Arabia led the scientific output, while Latin American participation was mainly concentrated in Brazil. The thematic structure of the field was organized around bioactivity, chemical characterization, computational modeling, and formulation. Discussion and conclusion: The field shows scientific consolidation and technological projection; however, its development is still mainly driven by studies on composition, bioactivity, and formulation, whereas experimental pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic evaluations remain less visible. This gap represents the main limitation of the field and, at the same time, an opportunity to strengthen research focused on safety, bioavailability, and technological transfer.
Apoyo en el Fortalecimiento de la Gestión Ambiental de Empresas Publicas de Boyaca S.A E.S.P en el Marco del Plan Ambiental Departamental y la Interventoría
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-03-25) Rodríguez Ramírez, María Alejandra; Suarez Castillo, Claudia Rocio; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000965081; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=QO7EC70AAAAJ&hl=es; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5382-7357
Limited access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation is one of the main challenges for rural and urban communities, especially in contexts where financial and administrative constraints hinder the proper implementation of infrastructure. This situation translates into the consumption of water unsuitable for humans and the generation of discharges with a high pollutant load, affecting public health and ecosystems. For this reason, the environmental monitoring and control of investment projects take on a strategic role to ensure that the works are carried out in accordance with the regulations and under sustainability criteria. Within this framework, the purpose of this internship project is to strengthen the environmental management of Empresas Públicas de Boyacá S.A. E.S.P, in the projects executed under the audit contracts, contributing to continuous improvement and compliance with the goals of the Departmental Environmental Plan 2024-2027. To this end, activities were developed aimed at monitoring and verifying compliance with environmental permits and obligations, through the review of documentary information, the analysis of indicators and verification in the field. This process made it possible to consolidate relevant technical information, identifying gaps in environmental management and formulating recommendations aimed at strengthening supervision processes.
Actualización del plan de gestión integral de residuos generados en atención en salud y otras actividades en la Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander sede Internacional en el marco de la Resolución 591 de 2024
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-03-02) Corredor Bacca, Daniela; Niño Meza, Natalia; Universidad Santo Tomás
This professional internship was carried out at the Santander Ophthalmological Foundation's International Branch with the objective of updating the Comprehensive Waste Management Plan for Healthcare and Other Activities (PGIRASA) within the framework of Resolution 591 of 2024. Failure to update the plan not only leads to regulatory non-compliance but also to deficiencies in the institution's environmental management, affecting process efficiency and compliance with the technical guidelines required by the authorities. The process was executed using a structured methodology in four stages: initial diagnosis of waste management, formulation of adjustments in accordance with current regulations, development of an action plan, and finally, updating of internal and external procedures. As a result, a partial update of 45% was achieved, considering both documentary and operational components. Among the main advances are the adaptation of waste bins according to the needs of each area in compliance with Resolution 2184 of 2019, the installation of labels identifying the types of waste and the strengthening of the support material for the training that made it possible to impact more than 600 users among administrative and care staff.
Diagnóstico de sostenibilidad ambiental en cultivos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en San Vicente de Chucuri a través del análisis de indicadores.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-02-27) Garzon Vesga, Sebastian; Contreras Gomez, Alix Yusara; Universidad Santo Tomás
The study names the agricultural practices of five cacao farms in the municipality of San Vicente de Chucurí and assigns both a quantitative and qualitative rating to the sustainability found through a series of indicators. This work is part of the project “Bioeconomía y Ecosistemas sostenibles para el producto Agroindustrial del Cacao en el municipio de San Vicente de Chucurí, Santander, Colombia,” approved under the UNIRED® Activa2 call, which seeks the creation of sustainable collective brands.
Implementación de oportunidades de mejora en el sistema de gestión ambiental de equans Colombia
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-01-21) Rodríguez Rey, Angela Gabriela; Saavedra Cotrina , Deiver; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001726556; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0002001450; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Idb5KqYAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6720-8103; https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0348-2166
This internship aims to identify and implement improvement opportunities in the Environmental Management System (EMS) at EQUANS, certified under the ISO 14001:2015 standard. Through document analysis, identification of significant environmental aspects and impacts, and monitoring of the environmental work plan, opportunities for improvement were identified in the structure and management of information. As a result, the organization of the SharePoint repository was optimized, reducing content duplication and improving document traceability. This intervention strengthened regulatory compliance, operational efficiency, and responsiveness during audits, consolidating a more robust environmental system aligned with the principles of continuous improvement.
Planteamiento de un diseño solar fotovoltaico que supla la demanda de energía eléctrica de una vivienda residencial de estrato seis.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-02-02) Pérez Salamanca, Daniel Alejandro ; Saavedra Cotrina, Deiver; Univercidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001726556; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001923502; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Idb5KqYAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6720-8103; https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1392-2693
Objective:The objective is to develop an optimized photovoltaic system to meet the total energy demand of a high-end residential home (stratum six) in Bogotá, through a comprehensive analysis of technical and economic. requirements. This research presents an integral evaluation encompassing both the technical design of the system and its financial viability. The characterization of energy consumption and specific building conditions serve as fundamental parameters for appropriate system sizing. By focusing on energy self-sufficiency and economic optimization, our purpose is to provide a technically robust and financially viable photovoltaic solution that responds to the specific high-end residential consumption needs in Bogotá’s urban context. Methodology: The design of a photovoltaic system begins with characterizing the home’s energy consumption and analyzing the site’s technical conditions. Subsequently, the system components are dimensioned, including the selection of solar panels, inverter, protection systems, and wiring, considering current technical specifications and regulations. The economic analysis includes quantifying the initial investment, projecting energy savings, operating costs, and cash flows to determine profitability indicators such as VPN and TIR. Resulta:The experimental methodology involved using the bills to determine the household’s energy requirements. Among them, the need for nine Ecogreen 340Wpolycrystalline solar panels was established, along with a Huawei three-phase inverter. The total system investment reached $ 13,473,012. This system proved to be highly profitable, generating significant gains from the fifth year onwards, with a VPN of $ 80,814,521 and an TIR of 35.4 %. Through meticulous implementation, a positive environmental impact was achieved, reaching an emission reduction of 0.30016 tons of CO2. Conclusions:The solar panel implementation was carried out through a design that optimally utilizes the available free spaces in the house. The photovoltaic system demonstrated high profitability, evidenced by a significant difference of 23.4
Uso y aplicación del modelo qual2k en el análisis de la calidad del agua y modelación de vertimientos: una revisión bibliográfica bajo una perspectiva de la ingeniería ambiental para el recurso hídrico.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-01-16) Arbelaez Quintero, Juliana; Narváez Pantoja, Jordan Giovanny; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001643886; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001999780; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jPvORosAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9821-9517
The review conducted aligns with the objectives of the Diploma in Environmental Modeling of Wastewater Discharges, as it promotes the understanding and use of the QUAL2K model as a fundamental tool in water quality management processes. This academic space strengthens the technical and conceptual skills for studying environmental regulations on wastewater discharges and consulting manuals related to simulation models and water resource treatment. In this way, the diploma program contributes to the comprehensive training of environmental engineers by providing a solid foundation for the evaluation and sustainable management of aquatic systems. Regarding applicability, the theoretical and thematic review allowed for a deeper understanding of the fundamentals of the QUAL2K model, recognizing its methodological structure and its capacity to represent the physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect the water quality of rivers and streams. Likewise, the most representative hydrological, physicochemical, and biological variables in the modeling were identified, along with the criteria associated with wastewater discharge control. A comparison of different authors, both nationally and internationally, demonstrated the model's usefulness as a reliable simulation tool for environmental assessment and the projection of water resource recovery scenarios. Overall, the relationship between the diploma program, the model review, and Environmental Engineering highlights the importance of the appropriate use of tools like QUAL2K in professional practice. Its knowledge and application allow for the interpretation of the interaction between wastewater discharges and the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, contributing to compliance with environmental legislation and the design of water control, management, and conservation strategies. Thus, a comprehensive perspective is consolidated, combining academic training, applied research, and responsible environmental management.
Revisión bibliográfica sobre el impacto ambiental de la aspersión con drones frente a técnicas convencionales
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-09-08) Molano Castro, Camila Alejandra; Perdomo Tique, Karol Dariana; Duque Pardo, Veronica; , Camilo Andres; Universidad Santo Tomas; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000033879; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001478703; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001768044; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001755562; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=BrR3sQ4AAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=DxwcW9sAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8874-7955; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1941-0256; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1144-6951
Spraying phytosanitary products on crops and plantations to protect them against organisms that could affect their stability is an environmental problem that has grown due to increased use of these chemicals. The application of these chemicals affects organisms and environmental factors that interact with the crops, generating significant environmental impacts on the ecosystem. Drones are a novel technological solution that speeds up and facilitates spraying processes compared to conventional techniques while reducing th e environmental impacts of spraying. This article compiles information and references on the environmental impact of spraying with drones, using traditional methods as a point of comparison. It was possible to identify a considerable reduction in the following areas with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) compared to terrestrial spraying: volume of substance application, particle drift, impact on non-target organisms, and carbon footprint.

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