Pregrado Ingeniería Ambiental

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Propuesta de producción de biochar a partir de residuos de aserraderos como estrategia de captura de co2 y gestión sostenible de residuos en Tocancipá, Cundinamarca.
(Universidad Santo Tomás) Molina Rodríguez, Luz Adriana; Mosquera Beltrán, Yesica Natalia; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001428743; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=bDD0MQkAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8997-3751
The increase in greenhouse gas emissions and the inadequate management of wood residues represent significant challenges for climate change mitigation and the sustainable utilization of residual biomass at the local level. In the municipality of Tocancipá (Cundinamarca), the wood processing sector generates an estimated gross supply of 1,120 t/year of lignocellulosic residues which, in the absence of valorization alternatives, may be directed to disposal, natural degradation, or open burning. In this context, the objective of this study is to formulate a proposal for the production of biochar from wood residues generated by local sawmills, as an alternative for residual biomass valorization, carbon removal, and potential application in soils degraded by forest fires. The proposal is based on the Biochar Carbon Removal Certification (CORC) methodology under the PURE Earth standard, on the estimation of residual biomass availability, and on the definition of the technical parameters of the pyrolysis process for its conversion into biochar. Based on an estimated technically recoverable fraction of 560 t/year of dry biomass and a conversion yield of 50%, an approximate production of 280 t/year of biochar is projected. Under the adopted methodological assumptions, a potential net carbon removal of 575 t CO2 eq/year was estimated. Additionally, a conceptual Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) system is proposed as methodological support for the traceability of the estimates, together with potential co-benefits associated with the valorization of wood residues and the potential rehabilitation of soils degraded by forest fires.
Proyecto PDD – cocinas limpias en zona rural de Pacho (Cundinamarca)
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-05-25) Guevara Hernández, Laura Daniela; Palomino Amador, Alexandra Ivon; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000016269; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001838365; https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5101-8620
This project is formulated as an applied technical proposal aimed at mitigating climate change in the rural residential sector by reducing the consumption of solid biomass for cooking in households in the municipality of Pacho, undinamarca. From a methodological perspective, the study adopts a quantitative approach to estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions, complemented by a descriptive analysis of social impacts and economic feasibility. The intervention proposes the progressive adoption of improved biomass cookstoves with chimneys (Improved Cookstoves – ICS), accompanied by a structured Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) system, aligned with the guidelines of the Gold Standard – TPDDTEC (Gold Standard, 2021). The project's unit of measurement corresponds to tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO₂e) avoided as a result of reduced firewood consumption and the substitution of the non-renewable fraction of biomass, with annual monitoring and periodic verifications according to applicable methodologies (UNFCCC, 2022). The geographic area encompasses rural communities within the municipality of Pacho, located approximately at coordinates 5.1370° N, −74.1590° W (WGS84/EPSG:4326). In this area, traditional wood-burning stoves remain the primary cooking technology, a situation consistent with national statistics that demonstrate the continued use of biomass in dispersed rural areas (DANE, 2023). Based on this context, the definition of a baseline for traditional cooking practices is justified, characterized by significant firewood consumption, the simultaneous use of other technologies (stacking), and associated emissions of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O. The intervention, therefore, is structured around a real and verifiable need, considering energy, environmental, and social dimensions. Operationally, the project comprises five main components: (i) identification and selection of beneficiary households; (ii) installation of technically validated improved stoves; (iii) practical training in safe and efficient use and basic maintenance; (iv) After-sales service with scheduled technical visits and availability of critical spare parts; and (v) operation of a robust MRV system. Local governance will be coordinated with community leaders and Community Action Boards, who will support maintenance scheduling, the recording of incidents, and the management of a documented channel for complaints and suggestions, in accordance with the social and environmental safeguards of the adopted standard (Gold Standard, 2021). This participatory approach aims to strengthen technological ownership and reduce the risk of abandonment. The MRV system is based on the triangulation of three complementary technical tools. Therefore, three-day Kitchen Performance Tests (KPT) will be applied to measure the actual firewood consumption per household by weighing it before and after use. Second, Stove Use Monitors (SUMs) will be installed on a rotating sample of stoves to record temperature curves and verify the frequency and duration of effective use. On the other hand, structured surveys will be used to document existing technologies, frequency of use, maintenance, and household satisfaction. The use of digital forms with photographic records, timestamps, and quality controls will reduce measurement errors and strengthen data traceability, in accordance with validated protocols for clean cooking projects (ISO, 2019); (UNFCCC, 2021). The sample design will adopt a stratified scheme based on technology type, household size, and fuel access conditions, selecting a follow-up panel with previously documented replacement criteria. Sensor rotation and the semi-annual repetition of KPT campaigns will improve statistical precision and reduce uncertainty in critical parameters, especially base fuelwood consumption (FC_BL) and displaced fraction (f_d). Therefore, this approach adheres to the principle of methodological prudence, avoiding overestimations and ensuring consistency with the AMS-II.G methodology (UNFCCC, 2022). The ex-ante estimate projects a preliminary reduction range of between 500 and 2,500 tCO₂e per year for coverage of up to 1,000 households, equivalent to 0.5–2.5 tCO₂e per household per year, depending on usage patterns, observed actual efficiency, and the regional value of the non-renewable biomass fraction (fNRB), calculated using the TOOL30 tool (UNFCCC, 2020). In a seven-year baseline scenario, the project could achieve cumulative reductions of approximately 9,400 tCO₂e, a magnitude consistent with similar-scale community interventions. From an economic perspective, the feasibility analysis indicates that the estimated unit cost of an installed stove is approximately COP 1,000,000 per household. Given that the average monthly rural income in Cundinamarca is roughly between COP 900,000 and 1,200,000 (DANE, 2023), the cost of the stove represents between 83% and 111% of the average monthly income. It is worth noting that this relationship demonstrates that adoption without financial support mechanisms would be limited, reinforcing the need for co-financing schemes. Potential income derived from the sale of emission reductions could cover between 11% and 19% of the total projected investment, confirming that the voluntary carbon market is a complementary mechanism, but not sufficient on its own to guarantee financial sustainability. Finally, the project incorporates co-benefits aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy), SDG 3 (good health and well-being), SDG 5 (gender equality), and SDG 13 (climate action). Therefore, a reduction in exposure to indoor smoke, time savings in firewood collection (an activity frequently undertaken by women and adolescents), and improved cooking safety are expected. Furthermore, beyond climate mitigation, the proposal integrates environmental, social, and economic dimensions, establishing itself as a technically sound and methodologically consistent alternative for the transition to cleaner cooking solutions in rural areas.
Análisis de la calidad del aire intramural mediante a determinación de bioaersoles en el aereopuerto Guaymaral Flaminio Suarez Camacho
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-05-07) Badovinac Badovinac, Sara Lucia; Gómez Correa, Helem Stephania; Alvarez Berrio, Johan Alexander; Vela Aparicio, Diana Gisset; Herrera Jacquelin, Francois; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001559247; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0002450606; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001354539; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001341603; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Xov2Q88AAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=391Bm-kAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7805-7128; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0038-4051; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7427-0298
Objective. To determine the presence of bioaerosols at Guaymaral Airport Flaminio Suárez Camacho as a potential source of risk. Materials and methods. Areas with high influence and low wind flow were selected for air sampling, where environmental factors were measured. At the same time, particulate matter concentrations were assessed to evaluate their possible impact on the dispersion of biological contaminants. Data were analyzed in IBM SPSS using correlation and group comparison tests, selected according to data distribution. Results. An average of 54 CFU/m³ of bacteria was quantified, with a greater predominance of airborne fungi (365 CFU/m³). Significant correlations were identified between environmental variables, as well as positive associations between bacterial CFU and CEM (r = 0.577; p < 0.001) and relative humidity (r = 0.519; p < 0.001), and a weak relationship between fungal CFU and particulate matter (r = 0.313; p = 0.049). No significant differences were observed among sampling sites; however, temporal differences were evident for bacteria and particulate matter, with differential fungal behavior on sampling date 3. Conclusions. The study identified bioaerosols as a potential health risk influenced by environmental.
Determinación de propiedades farmacocinéticas, toxicocinéticas y ADME/Tox de aceites esenciales y compuestos mayoritarios mediante análisis cienciométrico de artículos y patentes
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-04-29) Estrada Lagos, Sofía Valentina; Cervantes, Martha; Universidad Santo Tomás
Research on essential oils and major compounds has grown steadily; however, knowledge of their pharmacokinetic, toxicokinetic, and ADME/Tox properties remains fragmented, with limited articulation between scientific production and technological development. Objective: To analyze the dynamics, thematic structure, and technological projection of the scientific and inventive activity related to the pharmacokinetic, toxicokinetic, and ADME/Tox properties of essential oils and major compounds. Method: A descriptive, retrospective, and analytical study was conducted using a scientometric and technological surveillance approach, based on records retrieved from Scopus and Lens Patent for the 2016–2026 period. Data processing and analysis were supported by VantagePoint, Bibliometrix, VOSviewer, and Tree of Science. Results: An initial corpus of 603 articles and 306 patent documents was identified. Scientific production showed a growing trend, particularly between 2021 and 2025, with Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology as the dominant subject areas. China, India, and Saudi Arabia led the scientific output, while Latin American participation was mainly concentrated in Brazil. The thematic structure of the field was organized around bioactivity, chemical characterization, computational modeling, and formulation. Discussion and conclusion: The field shows scientific consolidation and technological projection; however, its development is still mainly driven by studies on composition, bioactivity, and formulation, whereas experimental pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic evaluations remain less visible. This gap represents the main limitation of the field and, at the same time, an opportunity to strengthen research focused on safety, bioavailability, and technological transfer.
Apoyo en el Fortalecimiento de la Gestión Ambiental de Empresas Publicas de Boyaca S.A E.S.P en el Marco del Plan Ambiental Departamental y la Interventoría
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-03-25) Rodríguez Ramírez, María Alejandra; Suarez Castillo, Claudia Rocio; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000965081; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=QO7EC70AAAAJ&hl=es; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5382-7357
Limited access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation is one of the main challenges for rural and urban communities, especially in contexts where financial and administrative constraints hinder the proper implementation of infrastructure. This situation translates into the consumption of water unsuitable for humans and the generation of discharges with a high pollutant load, affecting public health and ecosystems. For this reason, the environmental monitoring and control of investment projects take on a strategic role to ensure that the works are carried out in accordance with the regulations and under sustainability criteria. Within this framework, the purpose of this internship project is to strengthen the environmental management of Empresas Públicas de Boyacá S.A. E.S.P, in the projects executed under the audit contracts, contributing to continuous improvement and compliance with the goals of the Departmental Environmental Plan 2024-2027. To this end, activities were developed aimed at monitoring and verifying compliance with environmental permits and obligations, through the review of documentary information, the analysis of indicators and verification in the field. This process made it possible to consolidate relevant technical information, identifying gaps in environmental management and formulating recommendations aimed at strengthening supervision processes.
Fortalecimiento de la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres por Incendios Forestales e Inundaciones en la Gobernación del Vichada
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-03-11) Botello Silva, Karol Fiorella; Bustamante Zapata, Angelica María; Heredia Achagua, Elmer Alonso; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001259113; http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=bNd6GSkAAAAJ&hl=es; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5391-8646
The purpose of this document is to present the various activities developed during the internship at the Departmental Coordination of Disaster Risk Management (CDGRD) of the Vichada Governorate. The internship focuses on strengthening prevention, mitigation, and response strategies for adverse events outlined in the Departmental Plan for Disaster Risk Management. The objective of this internship is based on the need to strengthen institutional and community disaster risk management, especially in the face of the most recurrent threats such as forest fires and floods. This need is reflected in the limitations of hydrometeorological monitoring systems, the limited capacity for anticipation, and the importance of promoting coordination between local authorities and rural communities. To achieve this objective, methodologies were used that include document review of municipal plans and reports, analysis of geospatial information (IDEAM, ICDE, and FIRMS NASA), the development of thematic maps in ArcGIS, the design of municipal resource inventories, and participation in community training sessions focused primarily on forest fire response. Among the main achievements of the internship are the development of a territorial assessment of risk scenarios in the department's four municipalities, the development and analysis of fire and flood hazard maps, and active participation in community training processes for initial emergency response. Likewise, support was provided for the issuance of emergency reports in the department and assistance was provided to identify gaps in hydrometeorological monitoring systems. In addition, support will be provided for coordination between the government, communities, and other local entities to foster a more participatory, effective, and sustainable risk management culture.
Actualización del plan de gestión integral de residuos generados en atención en salud y otras actividades en la Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander sede Internacional en el marco de la Resolución 591 de 2024
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-03-02) Corredor Bacca, Daniela; Niño Meza, Natalia; Universidad Santo Tomás
This professional internship was carried out at the Santander Ophthalmological Foundation's International Branch with the objective of updating the Comprehensive Waste Management Plan for Healthcare and Other Activities (PGIRASA) within the framework of Resolution 591 of 2024. Failure to update the plan not only leads to regulatory non-compliance but also to deficiencies in the institution's environmental management, affecting process efficiency and compliance with the technical guidelines required by the authorities. The process was executed using a structured methodology in four stages: initial diagnosis of waste management, formulation of adjustments in accordance with current regulations, development of an action plan, and finally, updating of internal and external procedures. As a result, a partial update of 45% was achieved, considering both documentary and operational components. Among the main advances are the adaptation of waste bins according to the needs of each area in compliance with Resolution 2184 of 2019, the installation of labels identifying the types of waste and the strengthening of the support material for the training that made it possible to impact more than 600 users among administrative and care staff.
Diagnóstico de sostenibilidad ambiental en cultivos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en San Vicente de Chucuri a través del análisis de indicadores.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-02-27) Garzon Vesga, Sebastian; Contreras Gomez, Alix Yusara; Universidad Santo Tomás
The study names the agricultural practices of five cacao farms in the municipality of San Vicente de Chucurí and assigns both a quantitative and qualitative rating to the sustainability found through a series of indicators. This work is part of the project “Bioeconomía y Ecosistemas sostenibles para el producto Agroindustrial del Cacao en el municipio de San Vicente de Chucurí, Santander, Colombia,” approved under the UNIRED® Activa2 call, which seeks the creation of sustainable collective brands.
Acciones para el cumplimiento del plan de compensación para el predio Chaleche en la cuenca alta del río Bogotá, municipio de Sesquilé: pasantía en HSE services de Colombia SAS
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-11-13) Cuesta Rodriguez, Stefanny; Triana Galeano, Jose Leonardo; Cortes Naranjo, Diego Andrey; Bustamante Zapata, Angélica María; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001601571; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001259113; https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=yv5DCH4AAAAJ&hl=es; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=bNd6GSkAAAAJ&hl=es; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5391-8646; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1040-6744
This document presents the experience of the internship carried out at the company HSE Services de Colombia SAS, with the aim of contributing to the implementation of actions to comply with the Environmental Compensation Plan identified with contract number 3664387750, corresponding to the recovery of the Chaleche Parte Alta property, located in the upper basin of the Bogotá River, in the municipality of Sesquilé. The aforementioned actions consisted of the characterization of fauna and flora and the preparation of inventories. Thirteen camera traps were installed, recording 12 species of fauna, of which six were bird species and six were mammal species with fundamental ecological functions such as seed dispersal, insect control, and trophic balance. and the installation of a permanent monitoring plot, which recorded 18 species of vegetation. Likewise, ecological diversity indices were estimated, revealing high diversity (Simpson = 0.8878) and low dominance (Berger-Parker = 0.2092) in the understory; and high diversity (Simpson = 0.8447) and lower dominance (Berger-Parker = 0.3045) in the shrubland and sapling strata. Subsequently, restoration activities were carried out on 114 hectares of páramo that were severely degraded due to intensive livestock farming, an activity that caused soil compaction, decreased water availability, and loss of biodiversity. The project is part of the National Ecological Restoration Strategy (MADS, 2018), which sets a target of restoring one million hectares by 2030. Two local watchmen from the Chaleche estate collaborated on the project, promoting the application of traditional knowledge and applied science, thus complying with the technical, regulatory, and social aspects of the compensation plan. The experience of this process made it possible to strengthen sustainability on this property as a long-term strategic objective.
Innovación en la identificación de riesgos medioambientales de los SG-SST mediante el uso de inteligencia artificial
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-12-17) Colina Ramos, Juan Esteban; Cortes Naranjo, Diego Andrey; Rojas Reina, Christian Jose; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001601571; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000089317; https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=yv5DCH4AAAAJ&hl=es; https://scholar.google.es/citations?hl=es&user=gNCWhQIAAAAJ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1040-6744; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1044-3329
A bibliographic and documentary review was conducted examining the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques into Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (SG-SST) for the early detection of environmental risks. Several approaches based on supervised and unsupervised machine learning, such as convolutional neural networks and clustering algorithms, were identified as effective for detecting patterns of pollution, variations in suspended particles, and thermal anomalies that would otherwise go unnoticed or require extensive manual processes with conventional methods (Tang et al., 2024; Fazli et al., 2025). In a context where the complexity of industrial and extractive environments is growing xponentially, these tools enable continuous analysis of time series and real-time data streams, reducing both error margins and false positives (Abiodun et al., 2023). In the current technological landscape, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) provides occupational safety management systems (SG-SST) with multisensory information sources that feed AI cloud platforms. This integration allows the development of interactive dashboards capable of geospatially representing pollutant distribution and issuing automatic alerts when critical thresholds, previously defined according to regulations, are exceeded (AutCon, 2024; Mariano, Almada & Dutra, 2024). Furthermore, these systems not only learn from new field data but also adapt their models through continuous feedback, reinforcing a culture of prevention and enabling proactive planning of mitigation measures (Xu & Saleh, 2020). This literature review addresses the integration of AI into SG-SST for the early detection of environmental risks. Applications of machine learning, computer vision, and time-series modeling combined with IoT sensors and drones for real-time data collection were identified from scientific literature, technical reports, and case studies. The findings show that these tools reduce error margins and false positives, enhance predictive capacity, and support timely, data-driven decisionmaking. At the same time, the review highlights the need for ethical and regulatory frameworks that ensure algorithmic transparency, as well as participatory processes that involve worker validation and training. Thus, AI emerges not merely as a monitoring resource but as a transformative element in organizational culture and environmental management. This research offers a methodological framework that can be replicated across multiple sectors, from construction to mining, and serves as a starting point for the development of future SG-SST standards grounded in evidence and sustainability. As emphasized by Assies (2000) and Grimson (2011) in the field of epistemic justice, acknowledging workers’ experience and local realities in model calibration ensures fairer and more resilient risk management, capable of balancing productivity demands with the protection of the environment and occupational health.
Implementación de oportunidades de mejora en el sistema de gestión ambiental de equans Colombia
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-01-21) Rodríguez Rey, Angela Gabriela; Saavedra Cotrina , Deiver; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001726556; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0002001450; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Idb5KqYAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6720-8103; https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0348-2166
This internship aims to identify and implement improvement opportunities in the Environmental Management System (EMS) at EQUANS, certified under the ISO 14001:2015 standard. Through document analysis, identification of significant environmental aspects and impacts, and monitoring of the environmental work plan, opportunities for improvement were identified in the structure and management of information. As a result, the organization of the SharePoint repository was optimized, reducing content duplication and improving document traceability. This intervention strengthened regulatory compliance, operational efficiency, and responsiveness during audits, consolidating a more robust environmental system aligned with the principles of continuous improvement.
Planteamiento de un diseño solar fotovoltaico que supla la demanda de energía eléctrica de una vivienda residencial de estrato seis.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-02-02) Pérez Salamanca, Daniel Alejandro ; Saavedra Cotrina, Deiver; Univercidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001726556; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001923502; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Idb5KqYAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6720-8103; https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1392-2693
Objective:The objective is to develop an optimized photovoltaic system to meet the total energy demand of a high-end residential home (stratum six) in Bogotá, through a comprehensive analysis of technical and economic. requirements. This research presents an integral evaluation encompassing both the technical design of the system and its financial viability. The characterization of energy consumption and specific building conditions serve as fundamental parameters for appropriate system sizing. By focusing on energy self-sufficiency and economic optimization, our purpose is to provide a technically robust and financially viable photovoltaic solution that responds to the specific high-end residential consumption needs in Bogotá’s urban context. Methodology: The design of a photovoltaic system begins with characterizing the home’s energy consumption and analyzing the site’s technical conditions. Subsequently, the system components are dimensioned, including the selection of solar panels, inverter, protection systems, and wiring, considering current technical specifications and regulations. The economic analysis includes quantifying the initial investment, projecting energy savings, operating costs, and cash flows to determine profitability indicators such as VPN and TIR. Resulta:The experimental methodology involved using the bills to determine the household’s energy requirements. Among them, the need for nine Ecogreen 340Wpolycrystalline solar panels was established, along with a Huawei three-phase inverter. The total system investment reached $ 13,473,012. This system proved to be highly profitable, generating significant gains from the fifth year onwards, with a VPN of $ 80,814,521 and an TIR of 35.4 %. Through meticulous implementation, a positive environmental impact was achieved, reaching an emission reduction of 0.30016 tons of CO2. Conclusions:The solar panel implementation was carried out through a design that optimally utilizes the available free spaces in the house. The photovoltaic system demonstrated high profitability, evidenced by a significant difference of 23.4
Uso y aplicación del modelo qual2k en el análisis de la calidad del agua y modelación de vertimientos: una revisión bibliográfica bajo una perspectiva de la ingeniería ambiental para el recurso hídrico.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-01-16) Arbelaez Quintero, Juliana; Narváez Pantoja, Jordan Giovanny; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001643886; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001999780; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jPvORosAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9821-9517
The review conducted aligns with the objectives of the Diploma in Environmental Modeling of Wastewater Discharges, as it promotes the understanding and use of the QUAL2K model as a fundamental tool in water quality management processes. This academic space strengthens the technical and conceptual skills for studying environmental regulations on wastewater discharges and consulting manuals related to simulation models and water resource treatment. In this way, the diploma program contributes to the comprehensive training of environmental engineers by providing a solid foundation for the evaluation and sustainable management of aquatic systems. Regarding applicability, the theoretical and thematic review allowed for a deeper understanding of the fundamentals of the QUAL2K model, recognizing its methodological structure and its capacity to represent the physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect the water quality of rivers and streams. Likewise, the most representative hydrological, physicochemical, and biological variables in the modeling were identified, along with the criteria associated with wastewater discharge control. A comparison of different authors, both nationally and internationally, demonstrated the model's usefulness as a reliable simulation tool for environmental assessment and the projection of water resource recovery scenarios. Overall, the relationship between the diploma program, the model review, and Environmental Engineering highlights the importance of the appropriate use of tools like QUAL2K in professional practice. Its knowledge and application allow for the interpretation of the interaction between wastewater discharges and the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, contributing to compliance with environmental legislation and the design of water control, management, and conservation strategies. Thus, a comprehensive perspective is consolidated, combining academic training, applied research, and responsible environmental management.
Revisión bibliográfica sobre el impacto ambiental de la aspersión con drones frente a técnicas convencionales
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-09-08) Molano Castro, Camila Alejandra; Perdomo Tique, Karol Dariana; Duque Pardo, Veronica; , Camilo Andres; Universidad Santo Tomas; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000033879; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001478703; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001768044; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001755562; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=BrR3sQ4AAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=DxwcW9sAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8874-7955; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1941-0256; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1144-6951
Spraying phytosanitary products on crops and plantations to protect them against organisms that could affect their stability is an environmental problem that has grown due to increased use of these chemicals. The application of these chemicals affects organisms and environmental factors that interact with the crops, generating significant environmental impacts on the ecosystem. Drones are a novel technological solution that speeds up and facilitates spraying processes compared to conventional techniques while reducing th e environmental impacts of spraying. This article compiles information and references on the environmental impact of spraying with drones, using traditional methods as a point of comparison. It was possible to identify a considerable reduction in the following areas with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) compared to terrestrial spraying: volume of substance application, particle drift, impact on non-target organisms, and carbon footprint.
Diseño del plan de saneamiento básico de la Universidad Santo Tomás - Sede Bogotá
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-01-30) Moreno Martinez, Natalia; Mojica Guzman, Diana Valentina; Álvarez Berrio, Johan Alexander; Barreto Martín, Cindy Katerine; Universidad Santo Tomas; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001559247; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001999769; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Xov2Q88AAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7805-7128
This undergraduate thesis aimed to design a Basic Sanitation Plan for the Santo Tomás University – Bogotá campus, as a management tool to strengthen the institution's sanitary and environmental conditions. The project was developed as an academic internship, encompassing the components of potable water supply, waste management, cleaning and disinfection, and pest and vector control, in accordance with current environmental regulations. Technical inspection and monitoring tools were applied across the different university campuses, allowing for the diagnosis of infrastructure, sanitary conditions, and hydraulic systems. Based on the information collected, shortcomings were identified, and strategies were proposed to optimize water use, improve waste management, and standardize cleaning procedures. The implementation of the Plan will promote continuous improvement, environmental sustainability, and legal compliance, reaffirming the institution's commitment to environmental management and sanitary quality.
Caracterización del riesgo por la presencia de bioaerosoles en el área de urgencias de una clínica privada de cuarto (IV) nivel en Bogotá.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-01-30) Moreno Rodriguez, Lesly Natalia; Villamil Jimenez, Paula Alejandra; Alvarez Berrio, Johan Alexander; Vela Aparicio, Diana Gisset; Universidad Santo Tomás
This research presents the results of a study conducted at a private fourth level clinic in Bogotá on the microbial quality of the air in the emergency department between June and September 2025. The main objective was to characterize the risk associated with the acquisition of nosocomial infections due to the presence of bioaerosols, establishing the risk posed by microorganisms based on their concentrations at different sampling points and their clinical implications, in addition to environmental variables such as temperature, relative humidity, and particulate matter 2.5 and 10, highlighting the relationship between the variables and the concentrations obtained. Airborne bacteria and fungi samples were collected using the Andersen impaction method, using MAS 100-ECO equipment. Plates from air sampling in the emergency department showed the presence of a diverse environmental microbiota, composed mainly of bacteria and fungi of variable morphology. The results showed that the sampling point with the highest concentrations of fungi and bacteria was the EPS emergency room corridor, where the highest flow of people and patients in the entire emergency room area was observed. Keywords: bioaerosol, nosocomial infections, particulate matter, environmental variables.
Evaluación Del Proceso De Cierre De La Mina El Roble En Samacá, Boyacá, Conforme A La Normativa Ambiental Colombiana Vigente
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-09-19) Lina Fernanda Castiblanco Buitrago; Cristian Forero; Universidad Santo Tomas
El Roble coal mine in the municipality of Samacá, Boyacá, in accordance with Colombian environmental law, with the goal of mitigating harmful impacts on the environment and communities. This ensures the restoration of the affected area, prevents continued contamination, and protects the health of individuals and ecosystems. Furthermore, compliance with regulations guarantees the legitimacy of mining activities by avoiding legal sanctions and ensuring that mining is carried out responsibly and sustainably.
Apoyo a la Gestión del Aprovechamiento de Residuos Solidos Mediante Mecanismos de Control y Seguimiento en el Municipio de Tunja
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-01-16) Garcia Menjura, Liceth Yuliana; Bolívar Medina, Ligia Giannina; Universidad Santo Tomás
Proper solid waste management is a priority challenge for municipalities, as the environmental, social, and economic sustainability of their territories depends on it. In Tunja, despite having an updated Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan (PGIRS), shortcomings persist in the control and monitoring mechanisms. This has led to community conflicts over the Pirgua landfill, low efficiency in material recovery, and limitations in coordination with recycling associations. These problems affect decision-making and reduce the effectiveness of the public sanitation service, highlighting the need to strengthen monitoring and management strategies. The project entitled “Support for the Management of Solid Waste Recovery through Control and Monitoring Mechanisms in the Municipality of Tunja” aimed to provide solutions to this situation through the design and implementation of technical tools that characterize recycling associations and private companies, establish a continuous evaluation framework, and generate objective information for the municipal administration and the Superintendency of Public Utilities. A theoretical-practical methodology was adopted for the project, combining document review, surveys, semi-structured interviews, field visits, and data systematization in analysis matrices. The results obtained allowed for the consolidation of a control and monitoring instrument adapted to the local context, strengthened the transparency and sustainability of the waste recovery service, improved working conditions for recyclers, and the promotion of a circular economy in Tunja. Furthermore, the project contributed to recognizing recycling stakeholders, strengthening the social component of the Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan (PGIRS), and identifying operational gaps that limit waste utilization. In this way, the work provided relevant technical inputs to improve operational efficiency, environmental sustainability, and the planning of waste utilization services in the municipality of Tunja.
Diseño de una herramienta digital para el cálculo de la huella hídrica agrícola. Caso de estudio Subcuenca Río Suratá Alto
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-01-27) Velandia Olarte, Slendy Paola; Villabona Durán, Yurley Paola; Universidad Santo Tomas
This paper proposes to establish a digital alternative to calculate the total agricultural water footprint (including the blue, green and grey footprint) aimed at farmers who use the Suratá Alto River basin. The tool seeks to promote sustainable practices in water management. For its development, various research methods were used, including mixed research and the review of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the Scopus database. Additionally, a technological roadmap oriented to farmers was formulated in order to choose a tool that provides them with the use. According to the above, a prototype of a web page was chosen and created through Visual studio code. The web page allows users to calculate the water footprint based on the calculations proposed by the pioneer in this field, Arjen Hoekstra, and the calculation of evapotranspiration using the Penman-Monteith method. As a result, a functional prototype was obtained that allows farmers to make precise calculations and receive suggestions to implement sustainable practices. Analysis of the data collected by the tool has helped promote more responsible environmental practices in the region, thereby improving water management.

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