Conceptos generales en la gestión del mantenimiento industrial

Abstract

The first tools such as the hoe, the spear and the knife were repaired only until they suffered a breakdown, and although it may seem incredible this type of activities - which are currently defined as corrective maintenance - have been maintained until the 21st century. The history of maintenance can be divided into four generations: the first one characterized by purely corrective maintenance actions –repairs when damaged– was maintained until 1950. In the period from 1950 to 1980 the second generation is located, at this time maintenance appears preventive - scheduled repairs. The third generation spanned 1980 to 2000, marked by the application of predictive maintenance –condition monitoring–. Starting in the 21st century, the fourth generation makes companies involve maintenance in a comprehensive way; total production, risk-focused, reliability-focused, results- and customer-focused management, knowledge management and energy efficiency. Depending on the working conditions, the machines can suffer wear, breakdowns, failures or low performances. In general, this occurs due to: use, bad operation, design errors, assembly failures, overloads, poor selection of materials, adverse environmental conditions, among others. Until now, the human being has not created the perfect machine, it is not eternal, it is here where maintenance plays an important role, extending its useful life in the best possible way, so that these machines in that time are efficient. This book covers basic topics for undergraduate students and also for recently graduated engineers, topics such as: definitions, concepts, terminology used in maintenance, types or classes of maintenance; These can be the corrective, the preventive, the predictive, the total productive, the most general or basic, and see their advantages and disadvantages. In many books by expert authors in industrial maintenance, other types of maintenance are discussed, such as: improvement maintenance, selective maintenance, engineering and project maintenance, workshop maintenance, conductive maintenance, zero-hour maintenance, modifying maintenance, among others. The maintenance department, area, dependency or section must manage in such a way that these company assets operate or work in the most efficient way, and thus contribute so that industries, companies or companies have profits, are competitive and, therefore , project into the future. But to get to this, the department Maintenance must carry out a number of activities according to the complexity of each company. It will cover what the engineer must take into account to make an optimal and efficient maintenance planning and scheduling. Management of logistical and economic resources and of course personnel. The training, coaching, motivation and awareness of the personnel working in this department, area or section is very relevant and very important and, of course, take into account that it is applied throughout the company. It also describes what a maintenance manual is, its relevance and contents, the management of performance or management indicators, maintenance software, etc. Therefore, depending on the economic activity, assigned budgets, knowledge of its processes and expertise of each company, its own performance or management indicators are defined, so that they meet their proposed goals or objectives. To conclude, today there are companies worldwide that apply first, second and third generation maintenance, and world class industries or companies obviously apply fourth generation maintenance.