Evaluación del Potencial de Microorganismos Acidófilos en la Disminución de Sulfuros Presentes en Drenajes Ácidos de Minas de Carbón

Abstract

Mining is a fundamental activity for global economic development; however, it also generates significant environmental impacts, most notably acid mine drainage (AMD), considered one of the most persistent environmental liabilities due to the oxidation of sulfide minerals and the consequent release of acidity and metals into the environment. In Colombia, this problem occurs in various mining areas and poses a risk to water resources and ecosystems, which has driven the search for sustainable management alternatives. In this context, acidophilic microorganisms play a crucial role in both the formation and control of AMD, thanks to their ability to participate in the oxidation and transformation of iron and sulfur compounds. This literature review aimed to compile, analyze, and synthesize the available scientific information on the biological characteristics, metabolic mechanisms, and role of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, and Sulfolobus solfataricus in processes associated with acid mine drainage (AMD), as well as their potential application in biomining, bioleaching, and bioremediation strategies. The information gathered highlights the importance of understanding the interaction between these microorganisms and sulfide minerals as a basis for developing environmentally sustainable technologies that contribute to the prevention, mitigation, and treatment of acid mine drainage, especially within the context of Colombian mining.