A theoretical study of thionine: spin–orbit coupling and intersystem crossing
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Abstract
A study of the possible intersystem crossing (ISC) mechanisms (S ⇝ T) in thionine (3,7-diamino-phenothiazin-5-ium), which is conducive to the efficient population of the triplet manifold, is presented. The radiationless deactivation channels {S1,S2(π → π*) ⇝ T1,T2(π → π*)} have been examined. Since the direct ISC does not explain the high triplet quantum yield in this system, attention has been centered on the vibronic spin–orbit coupling between the low-lying singlet and triplet (π → π*) states of interest. An efficient population transfer from the S1(πH → πL*) state to the T2(πH−1 → πL*) state via this channel is confirmed. The calculated ISC rate constant for this channel is kISC ≈ 3.35 × 108 s−1, which can compete with the radiative depopulation of the S1(πH → πL*) state via fluorescence (kF ≈ 1.66 × 108 s−1) in a vacuum. The S1(πH → πL*) ⇝ T1(πH → πL*) and {S2(πH−1 → πL*) ⇝ T1,T2(π → π*)} ISC channels have been estimated to be less efficient (kISC ≈ 105–106 s−1). Based on the computed ISC rate constants and excited-state solvent shifts, it is suggested that the efficient triplet quantum yield of thionine in water is primarily due to the S1(πH → πL*) ⇝ T2(πH−1 → πL*) channel with a computed rate constant of the order of 108–109 s−1 which is in accord with the experimental finding (kISC = 2.8 × 109 s−1).
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