Impactos del dinero digital en la estabilidad financiera y la inclusión económica en países desarrollados y subdesarrollados

Abstract

This article presents a systematic literature review on the impact of digital money primarily central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) and cryptocurrencies on financial stability and economic inclusion. Using the PRISMA methodology, 160 articles published between 2019 and 2025 were reviewed, from which 40 highly relevant studies were selected based on a thematic correlation scoring system. The findings were organized into three thematic categories and analyzed to identify common patterns and discrepancies between developed and developing countries. The analysis shows that CBDCs can enhance financial stability if carefully designed, although they also introduce risks such as banking disintermediation. In developing countries, CBDCs offer clear opportunities for financial inclusion but face structural challenges related to technological infrastructure and public trust in government institutions. Meanwhile, the adoption of digital money is strongly influenced by psychological and social factors, including risk perception, perceived usefulness, and digital literacy. It is concluded that the effect of digital money is not uniform and depends both on the economic and institutional context of each country and on the technical and regulatory design of the monetary system. This study offers a comparative perspective across regions and countries, suggesting future research directions on inclusive design, macroeconomic stability, and regulation of the digital ecosystem.