Implementación de una Estación Meteorológica con transmisión de datos vía Internet Satelital

Abstract

This project presents the design, construction, and validation of an autonomous weather station with data transmission via Starlink satellite Internet, aimed at monitoring weather conditions in rural areas of the municipality of Lebrija, Santander, Colombia. The system integrates an Arduino Uno R3 equipped with the SparkFun Weather Shield for the acquisition of seven meteorological variables, including temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, precipitation, and solar radiation. A Raspberry Pi 4 minicomputer serves as the main controller of the weather station architecture and as the communication node, while an autonomous power supply system consists of a photovoltaic solar panel, a Steca Solarix PRS 1010 charge controller, and a 35 Ah Magna MA 35-12 VRLA battery. For implementation, data transmission is performed using the MQTT protocol over the Starlink Low Earth Orbit (LEO) network, achieving latencies between 20 and 60 ms. In addition, a web-based system developed with FastAPI, SQLite, and React 18 enables real-time graphical visualization, historical time-series queries, and information management through a REST API and a WebSocket channel. The services are deployed on the Raspberry Pi using Docker Compose. Performance tests verified the integrity of the nine fields in the data stream, an end-to-end latency of less than 1.1 seconds, API response times below 200 ms, and an energy autonomy exceeding 40 hours without solar generation. The results demonstrate the technical feasibility of LEO satellite connectivity for agricultural IoT applications in rural areas affected by the digital divide.