Efectos del sector maíz de Colombia frente al Tratado de Libre Comercio con Estados Unidos (2012-2024)

Abstract

The objective of this study was to analyze the Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) between Colombia and the United States as they pertain to the Colombian corn sector during the 2012–2024 period. To carry it out, specific objectives were set to identify the dynamics of domestic production, determine the behavior of exports and imports, establish the evolution of tariff quotas, and analyze the relationship between domestic production and imports from the United States. The research was conducted using a quantitative, descriptive, and analytical approach, with a non-experimental design and a correlational scope. Statistical data from official sources such as Agronet, TradeMap, DIAN, and the Ministry of Commerce, Industry, and Tourism were utilized. The results show that domestic corn production exhibited fluctuating trends, with advances in mechanization but without a sustained growth trend. At the same time, imports registered a significant increase, rising from 3.2 million tons in 2012 to 6.85 million in 2024, while exports remained at negligible levels. Furthermore, it was found that the United States has established itself as Colombia’s main supplier of corn, aided by the conditions set forth in the FTA and the phased elimination of tariffs. The discussion shows that the increase in imports has strengthened the country’s external dependence and created greater challenges for the competitiveness of domestic producers. In conclusion, NAFTA facilitated access to imported corn and benefited sectors that rely on this input; however, it also widened the trade deficit and highlighted the need to strengthen policies on productivity, modernization, and sustainability to improve the competitiveness of the Colombian corn sector.