Maestría Derecho Penal y Procesal Penal

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttp://hdl.handle.net/11634/148

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La Prueba de Referencia en el Sistema Penal Acusatorio Colombiano y su Impacto en los Derechos De Contradicción, Confrontación E Inmediación
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-05-05) Wilches Fuentes, Ramon; López Zamora, Sergio Andrés; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001511088; https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=es&user=fKBJ70QAAAAJ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1350-6310
Within the current accusatory criminal procedure in Colombia, the principles of contradiction, confrontation, and immediacy are not merely guidelines for evidentiary technique, but rather pillars of due process. These principles establish parity of arms between the prosecution and the defense and mandate that evidence suitable for establishing a conviction be presented in oral proceedings, in the presence of the judge and under the actual control of the parties. However, in practice, the use of a type of evidence that introduces friction with this standard—hearsay evidence—has increased.
Vigencia Funcional del Ministerio Público en el Proceso Penal Colombiano, Análisis a Partir de su Evolución Histórica, Transición del Modelo Inquisitivo al Sistema Acusatorio y su Rol dentro del Proceso Penal
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-05-05) Calderón Prada, Arnold Andrés; Vasquez Betancur, Santiago; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001669295
This research unfolds in three stages. The first stage analyzes the evolution and transition from the inquisitorial to the adversarial system, examining how this change significantly impacted the Public Prosecutor's Office's limited functionality within the current adversarial system. To this end, its historical development and transformation over time, both in Colombia and in other legal systems, are precisely detailed. Based on this analysis, the fundamental rights and guarantees governing the criminal process are examined, with particular emphasis on the position of victims and society. In this context, the increasingly limited intervention of the Public Prosecutor's Office becomes evident. Thus, based on the study of the Public Prosecutor's Office's role within the Colombian adversarial criminal justice system, new strategies are proposed to strengthen the role of victims' lawyers and to create an institutional framework that effectively supports their work. Furthermore, mechanisms are proposed to support the judge's role, with the aim of establishing a clear and specific purpose that allows for the strengthening, even in the absence of the Public Prosecutor's Office, of those functions that are currently unprotected within the criminal process. The object of study proposed here lies in the exclusion of the Public Prosecutor's Office as an intervenor in the criminal process, through the structuring of a functional system that directly involves the other procedural actors, who, through a clear delimitation of functions, would assume those traditionally attributed to that body. It is argued that the participation of a third state actor breaks the so-called "equality of arms" and generates unnecessary bureaucratization of the system. From this perspective, its elimination would allow for the consolidation of a model in which the prosecution and the defense face each other in a truly balanced scenario, avoiding the duplication of functions and the confusion of roles that, in practice, end up slowing down the development of criminal proceedings.
Tensiones Geopolíticas y Fragmentación Interestatal en la Amazonía: Obstáculos para la Cooperación Ambiental y el Cumplimiento de la Agenda 2030
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-03-16) Amado Lopez, Cristian David; Sáenz Rodríguez, Deiby Alberto; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001377495; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Nm2ZAZcAAAAJ&hl=es; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2241-9155
This article analyzes the geopolitical and political-criminal tensions that hinder environmental cooperation in the Amazon region and their impact on the fulfillment of the 2030 Agenda, integrating a proactive criminal law approach based on Colombia's Law 2111 of 2021. From an interdisciplinary perspective, it examines how the defense of state sovereignty, extractive interests, and the absence of an articulated environmental criminal policy at the regional level have limited the effectiveness of ecological governance mechanisms and the prosecution of environmental crimes. The study demonstrates that, although Colombia has made progress in criminalizing behaviors such as deforestation and ecocide, the implementation of Law 2111 of 2021 faces structural limitations due to a lack of technical capacity and institutional coordination. It emphasizes that the precautionary and preventive principles in environmental criminal law should serve as the basis for a green criminal policy integrated into the 2030 Agenda, aimed at ecological restoration and the intergenerational protection of ecosystems. Finally, the need to strengthen regional cooperation from a Latin American environmental criminology perspective is raised, combining ecological justice with social justice, recognizing the Amazon as a common legal asset and a space of international coresponsibility in the face of the climate crisis.
INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL EN LA ELABORACION DE SENTENCIAS PENALES EN COLOMBIA: TENSIONES CON EL DEBIDO PROCESO Y LOS DERECHOS FUNDAMENTALES
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2024-11-18) Hernandez Diaz, Diego Fernando; Vasquez Betancur, Santiago; Universidad Santo Tomas
Viabilidad político criminal de la judicialización de las personas jurídicas por daño ambiental en Colombia a partir de la sentencia C-320 DE 1998
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-09-02) Rodríguez Caro, Juan Camilo; González Carreño, Monica Alejandra; Universidad Santo Tomas
APLICACIÓN DEL PRINCIPIO DE OPORTUNIDAD EN LA JUSTICIA PENAL MILITAR
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-10-10) Torres Cantillo, Maria Gabriela; López Zamora, Sergio Andrés
The study examines the legal and criminal policy feasibility of reinstating the principle of prosecutorial discretion within the Colombian military criminal jurisdiction. Using a qualitative approach based on normative, jurisprudential, and doctrinal analysis, it reviews the principle’s background in ordinary criminal justice, its introduction and subsequent declaration of unconstitutionality in the military sphere, and identifies tensions with the principles of equality, human dignity, and proportionality. The paper proposes a phased reform pathway: first, the amendment of Articles 221 and 250 of the Constitution to expressly enable the application of the principle within the military jurisdiction, subject to judicial oversight and the State’s criminal policy; second, statutory adjustments to the grounds, procedure, and oversight mechanisms, with strict limits, categorical exclusions for serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law, and effective participation of victims; and third, regulatory alignment with the National Criminal Policy Plan and the establishment of ex post evaluation mechanisms. The study concludes that a narrowly tailored and regulated version of the principle, limited to low-harm conduct and subject to robust legality control, enhances efficiency, reduces case backlog, strengthens reparations, and restores procedural equality, without undermining discipline, hierarchy, or the constitutional mission of the Public Force.
Crímenes ambientales transnacionales y su impacto en el cumplimiento de la Agenda 2030 en el ecosistema amazónico: desafíos jurídicos y geopolíticos
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-12-12) Castro Montañez, Lida Rocio; Sáenz Rodríguez, Deiby Alberto; Universidad Santo Tomas
Autoría y coautoría en la normativa penal colombiana
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-12-12) Sepulveda Badillo, Oscar; Garavito Rincón, Daniel Felipe; Universidad Santo Tomas
INCIDENCIA DE LOS PRINCIPIOS DE LA LÓGICA EN LA VALORACIÓN DE LA PRUEBA EN EL DERECHO PENAL COLOMBIANO DESDE LA LEY 906 DEL 2004.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-10-06) Sánchez Colmenares, Ricardo Andrés; González Rodríguez, Julio César; Vasquez Betancur, Santiago; Universidad Santo Tomás
In a judicial system where the assessment of evidence is one of the most critical elements for decision-making, the lack of methodological rigor, interpretive biases, and subjectivity can undermine the fairness and legitimacy of judicial rulings. This study seeks to develop an approach that enables judges to incorporate logical tools into their exercise of evidentiary assessment. In the context of Colombian criminal law, the evaluation of evidence faces numerous challenges. Among these are the management of contradictory information, the subjective interpretation of evidentiary means, and the absence of a structured framework to guide judicial reasoning. These problems not only affect the quality of judicial decisions, but also generate uncertainty and mistrust in the justice system on the part of the public. In this scenario, logic emerges as a valuable instrument to ensure a rigorous and structured appraisal of evidence. This research identifies and analyzes the main principles of logic that can be applied to legal reasoning and, in particular, to the assessment of evidence, among which the principle of identity, the principle of non-contradiction, the principle of the excluded middle, and the principle of sufficient reason stand out. Each of these principles plays a specific role in improving evidentiary assessment and is directly linked to the demands of the criminal justice system. The study puts forward a proposal that combines the foundations of formal and material logic with the principles of substantive and procedural criminal law in relation to the appraisal of evidence. By integrating these elements, it seeks to generate a tool on which judges can rely when weighing the evidence, thereby promoting more reasoned and objective decisions.
La Deforestación como Crimen Transnacional: Retos para la Cooperación Internacional
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-11-06) Avila Sanchez, Guillermo Antonio; Franco Mateus, Laura Marcela; Universidad Santo Tomas
This article analyzes deforestation as a transnational crime that represents an urgent challenge for international cooperation. Illegal logging not only violates environmental laws but also affects human rights, biodiversity, and exacerbates climate change. Instruments such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement seek to prosecute this crime and promote cooperation mechanisms. However, obstacles include regulatory diversity, national sovereignty, lack of resources, and corruption. The article examines the structural causes—such as poverty and the demand for wood products—and the negative effects of deforestation, which include biodiversity loss, soil degradation, and alterations in the hydrological cycle. It concludes that strengthening international cooperation, harmonizing regulations, and consolidating institutional capacities are essential steps to effectively address this crime.
LA IMPUTACIÓN OBJETIVA EN LOS DELITOS IMPRUDENTES POR ACCIDENTES DE TRÁNSITO EN COLOMBIA (2000–2023).
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-11-28) PEREA ASPRILLA, CHERLON DIDIESON ; VÁSQUEZ, SANTIAGO; UNIVERSIDAD SANTO TOMAS TUNJA
The theory of objective imputation constitutes one of the most important dogmatic developments in contemporary criminal law, by introducing normative criteria that limit mere causality in the attribution of outcomes. In the Colombian context, this theory acquired normative rank through Article 9 of the Criminal Code (Law 599 of 2000), which establishes that “causality alone is not sufficient for the legal imputation of the result.” This research analyzes the application of objective imputation in negligent traffic accident offenses in Colombia, a phenomenon that represents one of the main causes of violent deaths and injuries in the country. Based on a doctrinal, jurisprudential, comparative, and international study, the central criteria of objective imputation —permitted risk, principle of trust, self-endangerment of the victim, and prohibition of regressive imputation— are examined as filters that determine when a harmful outcome can be attributed to the driver and when it must be regarded as an unavoidable misfortune. The study employs a qualitative methodology, grounded in the analysis of national and international doctrine, case law from the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court of Justice, and appellate courts, as well as a comparative review of experiences in Latin American countries (Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador) and European jurisdictions (Spain, Germany). Furthermore, international standards derived from human rights treaties and the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic are considered. The results show that Colombian case law has consolidated a coherent framework for applying objective imputation in traffic-related cases, although challenges remain regarding interpretive consistency and evidentiary assessment. The comparative analysis confirms that the criteria adopted in Colombia are consistent with international trends and strengthen legal certainty and respect for the principle of culpability.
Prevención y persecución de crímenes ambientales transnacionales en la amazonía: cooperación internacional estratégica para justicia ambiental
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-11-11) Monsalve Salamanca, Zamir Camilo; Garavito Rincón, Daniel Felipe; Universidad Santo Tomas
This article examines the prevention and prosecution of transnational environmental crimes in the Amazon, emphasizing the strategic role of international cooperation, the study begins by revisiting the concept of transnational crime and its application to the environmental sphere, in order to delineate its legal and political implications within a territory shared by several Amazonian states, within this framework, particular attention is given to the expansion of illicit activities with severe ecological impacts, especially illegal mining, by identifying the actors involved and contrasting the regulatory responses adopted across different countries of the región, furthermore, the analysis explores existing mechanisms of international cooperation, with a focus on evidentiary exchange and judicial coordination, highlighting both advances and persistent challenges arising from divergent national regulations, finally, the article discusses the main obstacles and opportunities for strengthening cooperative strategies in the Amazon, underscoring their relevance as essential tools to confront the environmental degradation generated by transnational criminal practices.
“Análisis crítico de las Políticas Públicas para la Prevención de Delitos Ambientales en la Amazonia Colombiana”,
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-09-12) Mendoza Rozo, Sindy Katherine; Corredor Pamplona, Diana Paola; Universidad Santo Tomas
The analysis critical of public policies for the prevention of environmental crimes in the Colombian Amazon focuses on evaluating the impact of laws and strategies implemented to protect ecosystems and reduce environmental degradation. The research addresses the current regulatory framework, especially Law 2111 of 2021, which marks a milestone in strengthening environmental criminal law by redefining crimes such as deforestation, wildlife trafficking and ecocide, and introducing harsher penalties. The scope, limitations and enforcement of this legislation are examined in a context of fragile state presence and high social tolerance for illegal activities. In addition, the effectiveness of public policies in the implementation and monitoring of environmental protection actions is evaluated, with a special focus on the active participation of local communities. These communities, despite existing barriers, play a crucial role in the monitoring and execution of policies, which highlights the importance of their involvement in strengthening environmental management in the region. The central research question is to determine how effective these policies have been, considering their regulatory enforcement, ecological impact and the degree of community participation. The results will help identify strengths and areas for improvement in order to achieve a more effective protection of the Amazon, a key ecosystem for the global environmental balance.
VACÍOS Y DESAFÍOS PENALES EN EL TRÁFICO ILEGAL DE FAUNA SILVESTRE TRANSNACIONAL EN COLOMBIA
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-09-11) MORALES MORENO, FREDY GIOVANNI; GARAVITO, DANIEL FELIPE; UNIVERSIDAD SANTO TOMAS SECCIONAL TUNJA
Illegal wildlife trafficking, particularly involving endemic species, represents a critical threat to Colombia’s biodiversity and a structural challenge for its criminal justice system (Minambiente, 2023). As a transnational environmental crime, it has flourished amid legal gaps and institutional weaknesses that hinder effective law enforcement (UNODC, 2020). This study adopts a qualitative, doctrinal, and comparative approach to examine gaps in Article 328 of Colombia’s Penal Code (Congreso de Colombia, 2000/2021), especially regarding the illegal exploitation of renewable natural resources. It also analyzes the articulation of Colombian law with key international agreements such as CITES (1973), the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), and the Escazú Agreement (CEPAL, 2021), and addresses issues in judicial cooperation, extradition, and chain-of-custody protocols. Based on this, it proposes legal reforms and the development of specialized protocols for the treatment of confiscated endemic species. The absence of differentiated legal tools continues to undermine the State’s prosecutorial capacity and the conservation of Colombia’s unique ecological heritage (Instituto Humboldt, 2022). Keywords: Wildlife trafficking, endemic species, environmental criminal law, international cooperation, custody protocols, biodiversity, Colombia.
Aplicación de elementos del modelo de atención y participación a las víctimas de la justicia transicional en el proceso penal colombiano: un análisis a partir del Macrocaso 03 de la JEP
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-09-04) Vasquez Escobar, Ana Valeria; Chaparro Ramirez, Cristian David; Ruiz Hernandez, Andres Fernando; Universidad Santo Tomás
LA CRIMINALIZACIÓN DEL PORTE DE ARMAS TRAUMÁTICAS: UNA APROXIMACIÓN JURÍDICA AL ARTÍCULO 365 DEL CÓDIGO PENAL
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-09-02) Hernández Collazos, Jhon Alberto; López Zamora, Sergio Andrés; Universidad Santo Tomas
This research examines the legal challenges and interpretative tensions arising from the criminal prosecution of individuals carrying so-called “traumatic” weapons under Article 365 of the Colombian Criminal Code, through a case study approach supported by doctrinal, jurisprudential, and procedural analysis, the study reveals significant normative gaps and the absence of an explicit legislative framework for these devices, the findings show that the current application of criminal law to traumatic weapons often relies on functional and technical interpretations of their lethal potential, rather than on strict statutory definitions, which creates risks of violating the principles of legality, proportionality, and presumption of innocence, the research highlights how judicial operators navigate this ambiguity by relying on ballistic expert reports and selective jurisprudence, while also illustrating the potential dangers of precedent-setting in such contexts, the conclusions advocate for legislative reform to clearly define the legal status of traumatic weapons, establish differentiated sanctions, and adopt uniform standards for forensic evidence to ensure consistent, rights-based judicial decisions.
El homicidio por piedad y la renuncia a la protección del bien jurídico tutelado en Colombia
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-06-25) Hernandez Melo, Laura Stephania; Roa Romero, Diana Katherin; Vasquez Betancur, Santiago; Universidad Santo Tomas, secciona Tunja
his research project arises from the interest of questioning the criminal type of “mercy homicide”, which is typified in article 106 of the Colombian Penal Code, since according to Colombian legislation in those cases where there is a prior waiver of protection. of the legal property protected by the owner, this is attacked by carrying out the criminal conduct, since the fundamental right to life cannot be renounced, since it enjoys special protection. Therefore, there is room to validate whether the social rule of law does not respect individual autonomy, does not guarantee the right to a dignified death and alleviate suffering in exceptional situations. Thus, we want to validate whether the elimination of this type of criminal offense under study would allow us to balance the protection of life based on personal autonomy, thus reflecting social changes and contemporary considerations on the right to decide on one's own destiny in extreme circumstances. The above, taking into account ethical, medical and legal arguments.
Derecho Penal y Paternidad Forzada: Análisis desde los Derechos Humanos y la Igualdad de Género en Colombia
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-06-12) Durán Duarte, Jonathan Miguel; López Zamora, Sergio Andrés
This research aims to analyze non-consensual paternity in Colombia from a human rights, gender equality, and reproductive justice perspective, focusing on situations where men are compelled to assume parental responsibilities without their explicit consent. Historically, men have been regarded as primary providers within the family structure, a cultural assumption that has influenced the design of parental responsibility laws. This traditional expectation remains embedded in the Colombian legal system, which imposes automatic parental obligations upon biological affiliation without considering male consent. Currently, Colombia lacks specific legislation regulating cases of non-consensual paternity, creating a significant legal gap. Unlike women, who have legal mechanisms to decide about motherhood, men do not have equivalent tools to contest paternity in the absence of consent. This omission deepens gender inequality and reinforces cultural narratives that ignore male reproductive autonomy. Using a qualitative methodology, this study applies a dogmatic-legal approach, hermeneutic analysis, and critical interpretation of national and international legal sources. Comparative analysis and judicial precedents were also reviewed. The research did not include interviews or empirical fieldwork. The goal is to develop legal reform proposals that promote reproductive justice, gender equity, and the protection of fundamental rights. The findings aim to contribute to a public policy framework that balances the best interests of the child with the reproductive autonomy of all parties involved, including men.
Victimas borradas de la violencia de pareja Masculinidades y hombres agredidos por la mujer en Colombia
(Universidad Santo Tomás) ESTEBAN DUARTE, NELSON RICARDO; REY NAVAS, FABIO IVAN; UNIVERSIDAD SANTO TOMAS
En el plano internacional las masculinidades y la violencia destruye la collectivity y se conceive as a problem and a social conduct, which it develops with circumspection and arraigo a la costumbre cultural recognisada por la humanidad, la cual genera relaciones reciprocas de victima - agresor(a) de padecer o producir sufrimientos en cualquier tiempo, edad y contexto a los individuos en el trasegar de sus vidas, attributable to personal, psychological and social causes; that they lead to devastating consequences such as violence between the sexes that affect directly a la persona, la pareja y la progenie a las cuales pertenecen It is important to highlight that the manera timida y pausada que hace pocos años los hombres han empezado a declarar ser victims of domestic violence, discrimination, vulneración, abandoning the family, social and state; al señalar que “gozan” de los mismos derechos que las mujeres para denunciation y acceder a la protection por las leyes established a nivel Internacional y Nacional, the legal institutions en su proceder omisivo y violatorio de toda perspectiva normative no conciben la violencia hacia el varón ejercida por la mujer como un problema y no atenta contra la public health.
EVOLUCIÓN LEGISLATIVA DESDE EL AÑO 2000 AL 2021 Y SU IMPACTO EN LA PROTECCIÓN DE MENORES DE 14 AÑOS CONTRA DELITOS SEXUALES EN COLOMBIA.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-04-22) Martinez Castro, Helen; Vasquez Betancur, Santiago; Universidad Santo Tomas
The article exposes the evolution of Colombian legislation for the protection of children and adolescents (NNA) against sexual crimes, showing how it has advanced over time. Through a chronological tour, the main laws that have toughened sanctions and expanded the protection of minors against crimes that affect their freedom, integrity and sexual formation are highlighted. From the creation of a regulatory framework that classifies specific sexual crimes, to the implementation of laws that increase penalties and eliminate benefits for offenders, legislation has sought to create a more rigorous protection system. It shows how, over time, legislation has not only focused on punishing aggressors, but also on establishing processes and protocols for the comprehensive care of victims, with approaches that seek to avoid revictimization. Furthermore, the article addresses the inclusion of laws that recognize the special vulnerability of children and adolescents in contexts of armed conflict and social vulnerability, promoting more severe sanctions for those who commit these crimes in such circumstances. Although Colombian regulations have strengthened the protection of minors, the article reveals that there are still challenges regarding its effective application and that, although the legislation has advanced, its implementation in practice remains a pending objective. Therefore, the legislative evolution has been significant, but a continuous effort is still required to ensure that regulations effectively protect children and adolescents in Colombia.

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