Maestría Gestión de Cuencas Hidrográficas

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttp://hdl.handle.net/11634/12845

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Evaluación, entre 1975 y 2025, de la dinámica multitemporal de la cobertura vegetal y del espejo de agua de la laguna Chingaza, en el parque nacional natural Chingaza, para comprender cómo la variabilidad y el cambio climático, junto con presiones antrópicas históricas, han incidido en su comportamiento hidrológico y ecológico
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-05-21) Palacios González, Ilya Geraldine; Quintana Leal, Edwar Armando; Bustos Ruiz , Leidy Dayana; Palacios González, Jordi Rafael; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000066875; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0002222304; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000027519; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2477-8533
This study analyzes the multitemporal dynamics of vegetation and water surface area in the Chingaza Lagoon basin during the period 1990–2025, using satellite imagery and spectral indices such as NDVI and MNDWI. The objective was to evaluate the relationship between variations in land cover, water availability, and climatic factors in a páramo ecosystem under a protected regime. The results show high system stability, with minimal variation in water surface area (3.6 ha) over 35 years, which contrasts with the severe degradation observed in other high-Andean wetlands. The lagoon's hydrological dynamics are primarily controlled by precipitation, exhibiting high sensitivity to extreme climatic events associated with the ENSO phenomenon. In particular, the 2015–2016 El Niño event caused the greatest contraction of the water surface area, confirming the system's vulnerability to water deficits. In contrast, temperature showed a secondary influence, while evapotranspiration remained relatively stable, suggesting regulatory mechanisms typical of high-mountain ecosystems. NDVI analysis reveals a positive trend in plant vigor, associated with passive ecological succession processes and the recovery of native vegetation cover, especially grasslands, at the expense of cleared pastures. Despite its ecological stability, the watershed faces pressures stemming from water demand for urban supply, as well as historical socio-environmental factors and peripheral human activities. In this context, climate change projections represent a significant threat, increasing the frequency of extreme events and altering the bioclimatic conditions of the páramo.
Caracterización socioambiental de la parte alta de la cuenca del río Andágueda, Municipio de Bagadó, para proponer estrategias de gestión sostenible de los recursos naturales.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-05-20) Moreno Gracia, Jhohan Cristopher; Jiménez Llanos, Manuel; Medina Arroyo, Henry Hernan; Torres Torres, Jhon Jerley; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000825263; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000011957; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001706284; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=NU1aWaoAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9596-9054; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0503-837X; https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4560-4309
The upper Andágueda River basin, located in the municipality of Bagadó (Chocó, Colombia), represents a strategic socio-environmental system for water supply and the sustainability of local productive and sociocultural dynamics. However, this basin is subject to multiple pressures derived from socioeconomic practices such as gold mining, traditional agricultural activities, human settlement expansion, and limitations in water governance, all of which affect water quality and territorial stability. This study aimed to conduct a socio environmental characterization of the upper Andágueda River basin by integrating secondary spatial information, documentary analysis, and community perceptions, in order to provide inputs for the formulation of participatory strategies for sustainable territorial management. A mixed-methods approach was applied, combining thematic cartography analysis, institutional data review, and participatory tools such as semi-structured interviews and community workshops. The results indicate that anthropogenic dynamics (particularly mining activities and unplanned land use) generate socio-environmental conflicts related to water quality, sedimentation processes, and increased vulnerability to extreme events. Additionally, a high level of local knowledge about the basin and a strong willingness to participate in management processes were identified, despite persistent institutional weaknesses and limited intersectoral coordination. The study concludes that integrating spatial analysis with local knowledge is a key strategy for strengthening sustainable basin management, enabling context-specific and culturally appropriate solutions aligned with the environmental and social realities of the territory.
Evaluación de la eficiencia del biocarbón obtenido a partir de la zoca en el compostaje de subproductos del café en el área de influencia de la Cuenca del Río Guarapas en el Departamento del Huila.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-05-08) Calderón Vargas, Adriana Calderón; Trujillo Vela, Daniela Trujillo; Castillo De Herrera, Mercedes; Saldarriaga Ramírez, Carolina; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000581461; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000388726; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0002232301; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0002232218; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=z1kJhpoAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=QDwvhvEAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0058-0810; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6460-563X
Coffee pulp is a by-product that can become a potential source of contamination in the watershed area of the Guarapas River. Likewise, the biomass resulting from coffee plantation renewal through the stumping method lacks adequate utilization strategies. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of incorporating coffee stumping biochar into the composting of coffee pulp, through the physicochemical characterization of the resulting compost and its comparison with the standards established in the Colombian Technical Standard NTC 5167:2022. The experiment was conducted at Villa Matilde farm, located in the Honda Porvenir village, in the municipality of Pitalito, Huila. The physical properties and lignocellulosic content of coffee stumping biochar were analyzed, as well as the effect of biochar incorporation into coffee pulp composting under two treatments as follows: T1 70/30 (70% coffee pulp and 30% biochar) and T2 80/20 (80% coffee pulp and 20% biochar), both with three replicates, and a control treatment (coffee pulp without treatment). Finally, the physicochemical parameters of the compost were evaluated and compared with the Colombian Technical Standard NTC 5167 (2022). Keywords: watershed, biochar, zoca coffee, coffee pulp, composting, NTC 5167.
Evaluación de la oferta hídrica disponible para el sistema de abastecimiento del municipio de Ibagué ante escenarios de cambio climático
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-05-07) Ballesteros Cantor, Eduwar Steven; Cañon Ramos, Miguel Angel; Universidad Santo Tomas; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001610917; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6812-450X; https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5419-8665
This document, entitled "Evaluation of the Available Water Supply for the Ibagué Municipality's Water System Under Climate Change Scenarios," focuses on the Combeima River basin, the main source of drinking water for the population. This project arose from the need to analyze the impact of climate variability and the observed decrease in river flows. The study methodology was developed in three stages. The first stage involved the collection, refinement, and analysis of hydrometeorological data, including precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, and flows, evaluating the criteria of quality, completeness, and statistical consistency. Simultaneously, the basin's morphometry was carried out using GIS tools and digital elevation models, allowing for an understanding of its hydrological behavior. The second stage involved implementing the GR4J hydrological model, which was calibrated and validated using daily historical series of flows, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration. This model allows for the simulation of the basin's hydrological behavior and the estimation of water supply under current conditions. Following this, for the third stage, future water supply was evaluated by incorporating climate projections from the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, using global circulation models and socioeconomic scenarios SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5. The projections were adjusted through downscaling, bias correction, and REA assembly processes, generating future daily series of precipitation, temperature, and potential evapotranspiration that feed the hydrological model for simulating future flows. The results show a progressive decrease in available water supply under the different climate scenarios, accompanied by an increase in demand associated with population growth. The comparison between supply and demand demonstrates water deficit conditions, especially in scenarios with higher emissions, compromising the long-term sustainability of the water supply. Finally, adaptation recommendations are proposed, focusing on efficient demand management, the protection of regulatory ecosystems, strengthening water storage, and resource planning under climate change criteria. These results provide a technical input for decision-making in integrated water management and territorial planning for the municipality of Ibagué.
Determinación de la modificación de los patrones hidrológicos a causa del cambio climático y los cambios de uso del suelo en el PNR Páramo Pan de Azúcar – El Consuelo, ubicado en el departamento de Boyacá
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-05-05) Manosalva Cely, Ingrid; Vargas Terranova, Camilo; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001639098; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000183106; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=qtOD3gIAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; ttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1926-7026
The study analyzed the hydrological dynamics of the Pan de Azúcar – El Consuelo Regional Natural Park (Boyacá, Colombia) in response to the combined effects of climate change and land-use transformation during the period 1984–2024. The research was conducted under a quantitative and explanatory approach, integrating hydroclimatic, multitemporal, and hydrological modeling analyses to diagnose patterns of water supply and regulation in the páramo ecosystem. The results indicated a mean annual precipitation of 1,468.47 mm, an annual potential evapotranspiration of 850.1 mm, and a positive water balance of 618 mm·yr⁻¹, values that characterize a humid regime controlled by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the porous structure of andisol and peat soils, which are responsible for the system’s hydrological regulation. Minimum temperatures exhibited a sustained increase of +0.4 °C per decade, while maximum temperatures remained relatively stable, evidencing a nocturnal warming trend and a reduction in diurnal temperature range, consistent with the patterns described by the IPCC (2023) for tropical mountain ecosystems. The multitemporal land-cover analysis revealed a 5.3% loss of natural forest within the protected area and an increase in agro-pastoral mosaics, indicating progressive landscape fragmentation and a decline in ecohydrological connectivity. Regarding hydrological modeling, the GR2M model achieved satisfactory performance, reliably reproducing the monthly simulated discharge relative to the proxy flow. Meanwhile, the SWAT model enabled the spatial characterization of runoff generation, groundwater recharge, and baseflow, showing a spatial correspondence between high-recharge zones and the natural páramo and high Andean forest covers, thereby validating the ecosystem’s role as an ecohydrological regulator within the basin. Both models confirmed a decrease in baseflow and greater interannual variability, reflecting a progressive loss of water storage and buffering capacity in the system. Based on these findings, technical recommendations for ecohydrological conservation and restoration were formulated, aimed at strengthening hydrological functionality, implementing adaptive climate monitoring, and promoting nature-based territorial management strategies. These guidelines consolidate the protected area as a climatic observatory and strategic hydrological regulator for the middle Chicamocha River basin, essential to regional environmental resilience and water security under future warming scenarios.
"Evaluación del conflicto hidrosocial por la actividad minera de cobre en la cuenca alta del Río Mocoa, Departamento del Putumayo, Colombia"
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-04-20) Bravo Otaya, Francisca Gisela; Parra Sánchez, Maira Alejandra; Castro Fajardo, Hermes; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001420958; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0002143123; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0shJuK8AAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4115-7069; https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5978-8787
The research analyzed the hydrosocial conflict generated by copper mining in the upper Mocoa River basin (Putumayo, Colombia), a highly ecologically fragile territory where strategic ecosystems, indigenous and peasant communities converge, and the Libero Copper mining exploration project. The problem arises from the overlap of mining titles with protected areas such as the Cuenca Alta Forest Reserve, uncertainty about water impacts, and community mistrust of institutions. The overall objective was to propose a sustainable management model for handling and resolving the conflict. A qualitative approach was adopted using a participatory action research method, employing social cartography, problem trees, semi-structured interviews, and focus groups with institutional, community, and academic actors. The results show polarization between actors in favor, neutral, and against the project, with a predominance of critical positions linking mining to risks of water contamination, health impacts, and social breakdown. It is concluded that the conflict transcends the environmental, revealing power struggles, institutional weaknesses, and conflicting development models. Participatory strategies are proposed that are oriented toward transformative dialogue, strengthening water governance, community environmental monitoring, and legal defense of the territory, integrated into the Basin Management Plan.
Análisis de vulnerabilidad ante amenazas de inundación en la cuenca baja del río Bita, municipio de Puerto Carreño – Vichada
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-04-09) Ocampo Bautista, Viviana Catalina; Carreño Mendoza, Eliany Pierina; Orjuela Yepes, David; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001478579; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0002113287; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=X3EHNHUAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7944-9710
This study addresses social vulnerability to floods in the lower basin of the Bita River, municipality of Puerto Carreño, Vichada, a region historically affected by recurrent flooding events causing devastating effects on local communities. Due to fragile socioeconomic conditions, inadequate institutional management, and increasing environmental degradation, this area faces constant threats that have severely impacted thousands of people and resulted in significant material damage. The general objective of the research is to comprehensively analyze social vulnerability to these natural hazards and propose specific strategies to mitigate risks and strengthen local adaptive capacities. A mixed methodology is employed, combining quantitative techniques such as structured surveys and statistical analysis, with qualitative methods including direct observation, and risk assessment using official matrices from Colombia’s National Disaster Risk Management Unit (UNGRD). The results include identifying critical conditions that heighten population exposure, particularly in vulnerable sectors, and defining practical measures for more effective risk management. It concludes that an effective and integrated response to flooding requires enhancing local institutional capacities, fostering active community participation, and strategically conserving natural ecosystems as protective barriers against disasters. This study significantly contributes to regional sustainability and resilience in facing extreme climate phenomena. Keywords: Social vulnerability, floods, risk management, community resilience, river basin, Bita River.
Diseño de un plan de monitoreo comunitario para la determinación de la calidad del agua de la Quebrada El Monte como herramienta participativa-pedagógica en la vereda Chocoa del Municipio de Girón, Santander
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-04-08) Jiménez Rojas, Alejandra; Márquez Prada, María Juliana; Saldarriaga Ramírez, Carolina; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000388726; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001567552; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0002176492; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=QDwvhvEAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6460-563X; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7108-5978; https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2157-6644
The preservation and monitoring of water resources are essential for environmental sustainability and community well-being. The rural community of Chocoa, where El Monte stream is located, has faced significant environmental challenges over the years. This water source is fundamental for the community’s supply and daily activities. The absence of a participatory monitoring system poses risks to both the health of residents and the natural environment, highlighting the need for a plan that enables community-based evaluation of water quality. This project proposes a Community Monitoring Plan aimed at protecting the stream while simultaneously empowering the community. The initiative seeks to strengthen local organization and promote active participation innatural resource management as a response to the environmental threats facing the territory.
Diseño de una alternativa de planificación urbana sostenible que contribuya a una reducción de riesgos de inundación en la parte baja de la cuenca del Río Cabí en el municipio de Quibdó – Chocó
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-03-13) José Alber Lemos Lozano; Mercedes Castillo de Herrera; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000581461; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=z1kJhpoAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0058-0810
This research focuses on Sustainable Urban Planning and Flood Risk Reduction in the lower Cabí River basin, in the municipality of Quibdó, Chocó. Its overall objective is to design a sustainable urban planning alternative that contributes to mitigating flood risks in this area. To achieve this, a mixed methodological approach was employed, combining qualitative and quantitative methods through surveys, interviews, and focus groups, using Excel software for data analysis. The study is exploratory and descriptive, which allowed for the identification of effective strategies to address the problem. The research is justified by its social and environmental relevance, as it not only directly benefits the inhabitants of the Cabí River basin but also offers a replicable model for assessing urban vulnerability and designing sustainable solutions in territories with similar characteristics. Furthermore, the results contribute to the formulation of public policies, the development of infrastructure projects, and the creation of flood risk management strategies. The statistical analysis showed a clear correlation between environmental factors, such as flood frequency and severity, and the perception of public infrastructure, highlighting that a lack of information and project visibility reduces trust in public management. The main conclusion was that the existing drainage infrastructure does not adequately meet community needs to prevent flooding, underscoring the urgency of implementing sustainable and participatory solutions in the region.
Guía metodológica para la gestión del riesgo por Inundaciones en la zona urbana de Útica, Cundinamarca
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-03-13) Triana Forero, Noriell Andrea; Vargas Terranova, Camilo Andrés; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001639098; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=qtOD3gIAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1926-7026
The importance of a methodological guide for flood risk management in the urban area of Útica, Cundinamarca, lay in the need to systematically address the recurring challenges that flooding has presented over the years. Due to its location at the intersection of the Quebrada Negra and the Río Negro, the risk and threat of flooding have been constant; Útica has faced significant flooding incidents in 1963, 1988, 1990, and 2011. These events highlighted the urgent need for a structured and coherent approach to mitigate the impact of future flooding and protect the population and its urban infrastructure. The development of the methodological guide consisted of a detailed process of identifying and evaluating elements that must be taken into account for flood risk management in urban areas. This analysis found that monitoring hydrological and climatic conditions alone is not sufficient for effective management; it is also necessary to conduct a comprehensive review of the environmental and socioeconomic factors that increase Útica's vulnerability to this risk. The guide was designed to provide a comprehensive and applicable framework, offering precise guidelines that enable local authorities and residents to implement effective preventive and response measures. With the aim of creating a clear and effective procedure to help prevent and address the risk of flooding in the urban area of Útica, this guide was developed to provide the municipality with a tool to facilitate the planning and implementation of preventive actions, as well as the optimization of resources in emergency situations. In conclusion, the methodological guide for flood risk management in Útica was designed to serve as a fundamental pillar for the integration of technical and local knowledge. It provides authorities and the community with a strategic resource for disaster risk reduction, promoting a culture of prevention and resilience by establishing a set of clear, evidence-based steps, thus ensuring greater response capacity and protection against the inevitable climatic contingencies to which the municipality of Útica is exposed.
Gestión hídrica en la cuenca alta del río chicamocha ante cambio climático en Tunja, Boyacá
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-09-03) Suárez García, Danna Alejandra; Orjuela Yepes, David; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001478579; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=X3EHNHUAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7944-9710
This research analyzes water resource management in the upper basin of the Chicamocha River in Tunja (Boyacá), Colombia, in the context of climate change impacts. This basin plays a key role in supplying water for human consumption, agriculture, and other economic activities in the region. However, in recent decades several challenges have emerged, including climate variability, increasing water demand, contamination from wastewater discharges, and pressure from agricultural activities, which have affected both the availability and quality of water resources. The main objective of the study is to propose lines of action for integrated and adaptive water resource management, considering the potential impacts of climate change on the hydrological system of the basin. To achieve this, the research is structured in several methodological phases. First, a hydrological, climatic, and geomorphological characterization of the basin is carried out using meteorological station data, statistical analysis of variables such as precipitation and temperature, and the use of indicators such as the Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI) to evaluate hydrological risk. Next, a hydrological and climate modeling process is developed using geospatial tools such as QGIS and the QSWAT extension, which allows the simulation of the basin’s hydrological behavior under different climate scenarios. This modeling analyzes variables such as runoff, infiltration, relative humidity, sediment transport, and flood-risk areas, helping to evaluate how these processes could change in the future due to climate change. Based on the results obtained, the study identifies several vulnerabilities in the hydrological system, mainly related to precipitation variability, rising temperatures, human pressures on the territory, and the pollution of the Chicamocha River, which has been considered one of the most environmentally impacted rivers in Colombia. These conditions highlight the need to strengthen water planning and management processes within the basin. Finally, the research proposes strategies for integrated and adaptive water resource management aimed at improving the sustainability of the hydrological system, strengthening water governance, promoting efficient water use, and increasing territorial resilience to climate change impacts. These actions are intended to support decision-making by institutions and local stakeholders, contributing to ensuring water availability for present and future generations.
Evaluación de las áreas de desoves de los peces migratorios en el río Cauca antes (2019-2022) y después (2023-2024) de la operación de las primeras turbinas del Proyecto Hidroeléctrico Ituango
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-02-12) Madariaga Mendoza, Juan Carlos; Atencio Garcia, Victor; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=qNBt5MIAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2533-1995
The embankment of rivers for the generation of electricity is one of the main causes of impacts on the fish resource, particularly on migratory fish. The objective of the study was to evaluate the spawning areas of the downstream migratory fish of the Ituango Hydroelectric Project (PHI) before (2019-2022) and after (2023-2024) the first two energy generation turbines in the Cauca River came into operation. The spawning areas of migratory fish were estimated in two periods: one prior to power generation (2019-2022) and another after the start of operation of the first two PHI generation turbines (Ituango, Antioquia) on November 30, 2022, to analyse changes in their spawning areas. The methodology used in this research was quantitative; the data were collected through instruments such as GPS, Google Earth and/or SAS Planet, as well as Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Other methods were also used, including hydrological and biological instruments (e.g., ichthioplankton collection) and socio-ecological techniques. Data were used from the spawning sites of the main migratory fish species such as: bocachico (Prochilodus magdalenae), comelón (Megaleporinus muyscorum), bryconids (Brycon spp.), Vizcaina (Curimata vimartii), arenca (Triportheus magdalenae), striped catfish (Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum), toad catfish (Pseudopimelodus atricaudus), barbudo (Pimelodus spp.), blanquillo (Sorubim cuspicaudus). These methodologies were evaluated and yielded the following results. Spawning areas were estimated from the number of reproductive events (spawns) detected in each period. In the period 2019-2022, prior to generation, 1298 reproductive events were detected, while in the period 2023-2024, after generation, 1548 spawns of the nine species under study were recorded. The species with the highest frequency of spawing (F) were comelon Megaleporinus muyscorum, bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae and striped catfish Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum.
Problemáticas ambientales asociadas a la pequeña minería de oro en las microcuencas el Murciélago y el Arenal (la llanada - Nariño)
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-02-10) Patiño Sánchez, Deisy Alejandra; Cabal Gaviria, Joan Esteban; Sacanambuy Villota, Lina Marcela; Ortiz Penagos, Nidia Elena; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000004524; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001748087; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001749179; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=sQAnw1YAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1149-2779
This study analyzed the environmental issues associated with small-scale gold mining in the micro-watersheds of El Murciélago and El Arenal, located in the municipality of La Llanada (Nariño, Colombia), a region historically linked to mining activity. The results indicate that extraction and ore-beneficiation practices, characterized by traditional techniques and limited implementation of clean technologies, have generated significant impacts on water resources, soil quality, and vegetation cover. These conditions compromise the ecological integrity of the watersheds and reduce their capacity to sustain local communities. The research was developed through documentary review, analysis of technical-environmental information, and thematic cartographic production, structured into three phases: (i) historical and spatial characterization of small-scale mining, (ii) identification and assessment of key environmental impacts, and (iii) causal analysis aimed at understanding the relationship between mining practices and institutional conditions that enable the persistence of environmental degradation. The findings reveal that contamination of water bodies from untreated discharges, inadequate disposal of mine tailings, and deforestation are the most critical issues, closely related to mining informality, weak regulatory enforcement, and limited local environmental management. It is concluded that mining dynamics represent a determining factor in the environmental deterioration of the studied micro-watersheds, highlighting the need for water governance strategies that integrate mining formalization processes, environmental education, institutional strengthening, and land-use planning aimed at the sustainable management of water and associated ecosystems. This research provides a technical foundation to support decision-making toward an integrated territorial management approach that reconciles productive activities with ecological sustainability.
Evaluación del estado de conservación de seis humedales presentes en la subcuenca hidrográfica del río Ocoa (Villavicencio, Meta), mediante la aplicación de un índice de integridad biótica basado en anuros
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-01-20) Acosta Ortiz, Juan Manuel; González Rojas, Jesús Alejandro; García Murillo, Paulo German; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000295612; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001652791; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001653124; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=60GkRtsAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=NtyY7LIAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4086-0489; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8714-3826; https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8834-3117
The Ocoa River sub-basin, located in Villavicencio, Meta, comprises 30 micro-watersheds and 42 surface water bodies, including wetlands that play a relevant role in providing habitats for biodiversity and supplying water for human consumption and economic activities. However, these wetlands face significant challenges due to urbanization, pollution, alterations in land use, and additionally, the lack of systematic monitoring, which limits the early detection of disturbances and the implementation of effective management strategies. The general objective of this research was to evaluate the conservation status of six wetlands within the Ocoa River sub-basin (Villavicencio, Meta) through the application of a index of biotic integrity (IBI) based on anuran communities. To achieve this objective, the specific aims were to analyze anuran species richness in the wetlands Aguas Claras, Calatrava, Caracolí, Charco Oasis, Coroncoro, and Zuria; estimate conservation coefficients for the recorded species; and apply the IBI to determine the conservation status of the selected wetlands and propose recommendations for their management and preservation. A quantitative approach with a correlational design was employed, using visual encounter surveys of anurans conducted during diurnal and nocturnal sampling periods. The data obtained allowed for the calculation of the IBI and the conservation coefficients of the species present. The results revealed variability in the conservation status of the evaluated wetlands. A total of 20 anuran species were recorded, with Caracolí wetland exhibiting the highest species richness, followed by Zuria and Aguas Claras, while Charco Oasis and Coroncoro showed the lowest species richness. IBI values ranged from 17.36 to 21.53, with Caracolí presenting the highest value. Standardized index values (aIBIs) ranged between 74.80 and 92.77. The presence of species such as Boana lanciformis, Leptodactylus mystaceus, and Boana punctata was a determining factor in wetlands with higher conservation values. The study concludes that species richness alone is not a sufficient indicator of wetland conservation status. Instead, factors such as habitat quality, ecological heterogeneity, and the presence of species sensitive to disturbance are decisive. Conservation efforts should prioritize wetlands such as Caracolí and Zuria, which exhibit better ecological conditions, while others such as Calatrava and Charco Oasis require restoration actions. It is recommended to implement a participatory monitoring model involving local communities, promoting environmental education and community-based surveillance. Additionally, incorporating the IBI into wetland management policies is recommended to ensure long-term sustainability and the conservation of local biodiversity.
Propuesta metodológica para la armonización de los instrumentos de planificación POMCA-POT: Caso de estudio municipio de Rionegro - Antioquia
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-01-20) Torres Gambasica, Dennys Jizeth; Sánchez Agámez, Carlos Mario; Carvajal Flórez, Elizabeth; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001347928; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001869664; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000013014; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4850-8850; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9646-4170
The study proposes and applies a methodological scheme to harmonize the Plan de Ordenación y Manejo de la Cuenca (POMCA) of the Río Negro and the Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT) of Rionegro, in accordance with Article 23 of Decree 1640 of 2012. A descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional, non-experimental design was used, combining documentary review, regulatory analysis, and spatial processing in a Geographic Information System (GIS). Harmonization was assessed across three components (environmental zoning, programmatic component, and risk management) using synthetic indicators: Spatial Harmonization Index (IAE), Programmatic Coherence Index (ICP), and Risk Coherence Index (ICR); a sub-index of cartographic overlap, the Spatial Coincidence Index (ICE); and an overall index, the Global POMCA–POT Harmonization Index (IGAPP). The results show partial yet operative harmonization. The IAE scores 66.9/100: although there is formal adoption and broad coverage (albeit partial and not measurable for all determinants), there are gaps in methodological and cartographic quality (unpublished technical reports and metadata, scale mismatches, and non-standardized topological rules). The ICE, with a score of 58.6/100, shows high concordance in the National Protective Forest Reserve (RFPN) of the Río Nare and medium-to-low levels in the Regional District for Integrated Management (DRMI) and in multiple-use areas, due to the absence of POMCA–POT equivalences and the lack of scale homologation. The ICP of 68.6/100 confirms anchors in land-use planning, water sanitation, and risk reduction, but with enabling gaps in basin instrumentation, the environmental information system, and integrated indicators. The ICR of 74.0/100 reflects effective translation of hazard into land-use rules, with deficits in technical reports, uniform multi-hazard coverage, and public versioning. The IGAPP of 69.8/100 places harmonization at a medium level, with pending technical improvements that encompass the shortcomings mentioned above.
Análisis del índice de calidad del agua (ica) e índice de contaminación del agua (icos) en quebrada villa ubicada en el bagre- Antioquia
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2018) Piedrahita Vera, Juan Esteban; Universidad Santo Tomás
Diseño de Estrategias para la Gestión Socioambiental del Recurso Hídrico en la Cuenca Alta del Río Aurra Municipio de Sopetrán, frente a los Impactos del Turismo sobre la Calidad del Agua en el Occidente Antioqueño
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-09-18) Vanegas Romero, Diego Mauricio; Bedoya Muñoz, Maria Alejandra; Román Núñez, Yenny Constanza; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000964689
The Aurra River basin is located in the department of Antioquia in Colombia, in the western subregion, with altitudes ranging from 1,800 to 2,200 meters above sea level in its upper reaches. It mainly covers the municipality of Sopetrán and falls under the jurisdiction of CORANTIOQUIA's Hevexicos Territorial Directorate. The Aurra River, a tributary of the Chico River—which flows into the Cauca River—is of great environmental importance due to its water resources and biodiversity. On the other hand, the growing anthropogenic pressures possibly derived from tourism and changes in land use, as the expansion of tourism and urbanization processes are generating significant pressure on the water resources of the study area. The objective of this research was to design management strategies to mitigate the impacts on water quality in the upper Aurra River basin in the municipality of Sopetrán. To this end, a mixed methodology was adopted that combined qualitative and quantitative tools from a technical and social perspective, including both population surveys and physicochemical and microbiological analyses of the water. The key findings reveal a duality in the community's perception and an alarming deterioration of water resources. On the one hand, 83% of respondents perceive a positive socioeconomic impact from tourism, while on the other, 78% rate the environmental impact as fair or very poor. This perception is confirmed by technical data: between 2021 and 2024, Escherichia coli levels increased from 25.75 to 60,200 NMP/100 ml, indicating severe fecal contamination. In addition, dissolved oxygen decreased from 7.38 to 5.61 mg/L, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) increased to 79.6 mg/L, indicating a high untreated organic load. In conclusion, the lack of adequate tourism planning and management of its impacts has 9 generated socio-environmental conflicts that negatively affect water access and quality, despite the economic benefits perceived by the community. However, th e strategies proposed in this research seek sustainable tourism development that balances economic growth with the conservation of aquatic ecosystems in the Aurra River basin in the municipality of Sopetrán. This thesis proposes a set of comprehensive strategies for water resource management in the municipality of Sopetrán, aimed at balancing environmental conservation with territorial development. These include educational strategies focused on environmental education, citizen training, and community awareness through School Environmental Projects (PRAE) and PROCEDA, with an emphasis on responsible water use and the protection of aquatic ecosystems; basic sanitation strategies, which seek to improve health conditions through the treatment of domestic waste, the installation of septic systems, and the expansion of public service coverage; and responsible tourism strategies, aimed at regulating tourism activity through good environmental practices and the promotion of a sustainable model that links tour operators and communities in the conservation of water resources.
Análisis del Recurso Hídrico de la Cuenca del Río Bajo Nechí para Formular Estrategias de Mitigación ante los Efectos de la Variabilidad Climática
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-09-12) Estrella Triana, Diana Carolina; Hernández Granda, Carmen Eunice; Ramos Castañeda, Marcos Andrés; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001356699; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001694921; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001609677; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2851-2919
The analysis of changes in the water resource quality of the lower Nechi River basin, oriented towards the formulation of mitigation strategies against the effects of climate variability, requires considering the influence of El Niño and La Niña, both in the decrease and sudden increase in the level of the main channel. Historically, the Nechi River valley has been exploited by gold mining, which has contributed to the increased in the sedimentation of the main channel, as well as the increase in the frequency and severity of floods (Rios & Mosselman, 2018). Additionally, the use of mercury in gold extraction has affected aquatic biota through bioaccumulation and toxicity (Restrepo & Restrepo, 2024). These conditions, combined with the lack of basic sanitation, increase vulnerability and aggravate the effects associated with climate variability. In this sense, the present research has a mixed approach that applies the descriptive method, with some elements of the sequential for an analysis of population corresponding to officials of the municipal governments and CORANTIOQUIA. The analysis of primary and secondary information contemplates the water quality, flow, precipitation, socio-environmental dynamics, conducting perception surveys, comparison of results and the formulation of strategies. Finally, the product obtained is derived of the analysis of available information and the results of perception surveys, in which identified one of the main effects of climate variability corresponding to the periodic floods, which in turn generates economic losses and environmental impacts on aquatic ecosystems.
Evaluación de la Amenaza por Inundación del Río Ariguaní en el Área Urbana del Municipio Algarrobo —Departamento del Magdalena—
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-09-08) Orozco Jimenez, Armando Javier; Vargas Murillo, Jhon Jaime; Martinez Monroy, Tima Cecilia; Moreno Miranda, Jaime Andrés; Universidad Santo Tomas; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001369089; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001497099
The objective of the research is to evaluate the natural threat of flooding of the Ariguaní River. It is focused on a sector of the urban area of the municipality of Algarrobo. It is considered to be an important input for the comprehensive risk management of the municipality. The Territorial Planning Scheme, which is currently outdated, must be considered in the basic risk studies. The study includes the application of two methodologies for determining the threat. The first methodology incorporates local knowledge through the use of participatory tools regarding flood levels and sites from the imagination and experience of the inhabitants. The second methodology addresses hydraulic analysis based on historical flow data using specialized software for mathematical and geostatistical modeling. Finally, the study provides a comparative analysis that validates the use of community information vs. analytical information.
Evaluación de las Diferencias Entre Datos de Precipitación del IDEAM y Sensores Satelitales en la Cuenca Media del Río Lebrija, Colombia
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-09-07) Mojica Gutiérrez, Camilo Enrique; Navas Jones, Fredy Vladimir; Flórez Carvajal, Elizabeth; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001347928; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0002168027; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=PNknL9MAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4850-8850; https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3148-6548
Hydro-climatological studies in different basins require databases of climatic variables. IDEAM is the main entity monitoring these variables in Colombia, providing official, free, and accessible data. There are also other local and international entities that offer information from remote sensing satellite sensors. Climatological station data sometimes presents uncertainties due to external factors, and its distribution is limited in certain areas. To address this issue, the present research was developed in the middle basin of the Lebrija River, using three sources of information to compare the samples. Precipitation data from 25 IDEAM stations was collected, of which 6 were used, and compared with data from satellite sensors obtained from The POWER Data Access Viewer and Giovanni portals of EARTH DATA. The information was reviewed, refined, and completed. What is more, statistical analyses of trends, variability, correlations, cross-validation, significance tests, and probability analysis were applied. The results show that, in areas without stations, sensors provide continuous data; however, when compared to IDEAM data, the correlations are low in most cases. This suggests that although satellite products are useful in areas without coverage, station data still shows greater coherence and better statistical fit, making it the primary source when available.

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