Más Allá del Tránsito: El Canal de Panamá entre Rutas Emergentes y Desafíos Globales

Abstract

The Panama Canal is much more than an interoceanic waterway; it is an emblematic work of modern engineering, a national economic engine, and a key logistical hub in the global supply chain (Andarcia, 2024). Since its inauguration in 1914, it has facilitated the transit of more than 13,000 vessels per year, connecting over 140 trade routes and 1,700 ports worldwide (AG Logistics Services, 2024), while significantly reducing maritime trade times and costs. Its role in global connectivity has been crucial in positioning Panama as a strategic player in international trade.

However, the 21st century has brought challenges that threaten this historic leadership. During the academic journey carried out in Panama — which included classes with experts, business visits, conferences, and direct visits to port facilities — two main threats became evident: the reduction of freshwater levels, as a consequence of climate change and phenomena such as El Niño (Murillo Burgos, 2025), and the growing competition from alternative routes such as the Cape of Good Hope, Cape Horn, the Suez Canal, and intermodal land corridors. These factors not only affect the physical operation of the Canal but also its strategic position within an ever-evolving global logistics environment.

This reflection draws on both the experiences gained during the journey and academic analysis, integrating historical, environmental, economic, and geopolitical dimensions to rethink the national logistics model from a resilient, sustainable, and diversified perspective.