Pregrado Ingeniería Mecatrónica

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttp://hdl.handle.net/11634/211

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Análisis del uso de Machine Learning como herramienta de optimización en sistemas PLC para procesos industriales inteligentes
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-09-28) Herrera Díaz, Andrés Reinaldo; Becerra Angarita, Oscar Fernando
This paper presents a systematic literature review focused on the use of Machine Learning (ML) as an optimization tool in Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) systems applied to intelligent industrial processes within the context of Industry 4.0. To this end, a critical evaluation of scientific literature is conducted to identify the main applications, benefits, limitations, challenges, and research trends associated with integrating machine learning techniques into PLC-based industrial automation architecture. The results demonstrate that Machine Learning strengthens the capabilities of PLC systems through applications in process optimization, intelligent monitoring, predictive maintenance, and fault detection, leading to greater operational efficiency and improved decision-making.
Desarrollo de un sistema automatizado de asistencia vía WhatsApp mediante Inteligencia artificial generativa local para la optimización del soporte técnico en UNIDROGAS S.A.S.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-09-18) Acuña Martinez, Juan Pablo; Pimentel Díaz, Carlos Daniel; Universidad Santo Tomás
This document addresses the issue of technical support overload at UNIDROGAS S.A.S., with the goal of implementing a conversational virtual assistant. To develop the system, the local language model Gemma 3 was integrated with a RAG architecture indexed over the company’s manuals and the WhatsApp API. The system achieved a 93% accuracy rate in identifying the document or procedure corresponding to the user's query, demonstrating the feasibility of automating processes using artificial intelligence and optimizing response times. Furthermore, its architecture ensures privacy in the internal management of institutional knowledge, although the final communication channel relies on an external provider.
Gemelos digitales aplicados a la robótica agrícola: una revisión bibliográfica de metodologías, aplicaciones y desafíos
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-09-15) Camargo Martínez, Esteban Eduardo; Moriones Polanía, Edna Carolina; Universidad Santo Tomás
Digital twins enable the representation, analysis, and optimization of physical systems through their connection with virtual environments. In agricultural robotics, they support the design, simulation, monitoring, and validation of robots and machinery. This review aimed to systematize the scientific knowledge on digital twins applied to agricultural robotics to identify their applications, enabling technologies, methodological approaches, and research trends. A systematic, descriptive, and analytical review was conducted, restricting the literature search to studies published between 2021 and 2026. The study selection process followed the PRISMA guidelines and resulted in a sample of 24 studies, which were organized in a document analysis matrix. The results revealed applications in planting, harvesting, monitoring, navigation, machinery operation, coordination, and teleoperation, supported by simulation, sensors, computer vision, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, reinforcement learning, and Sim2Real transfer. The findings also indicated a shift from monitoring and simulation toward prediction, optimization, and decision-support functions. Nevertheless, challenges remain regarding the simulation-to-reality gap, generalization, synchronization, real-time processing, and the lack of standards. It is concluded that the field is expanding, although specialized solutions and validations limited to specific tasks, crops, or environments continue to predominate.
Realidad virtual para la formación técnica del sector palmicultor: desarrollo de un entorno virtual de aprendizaje
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-08-31) Mendoza Manzano, Yury Lizeth; Díaz Jaimes, Pedro Pablo; Universidad Santo Tomás
In oil palm cultivation, tasks such as artificial pollination and determining the optimal harvest point require a high level of technical precision, and their execution depends largely on human judgment, generating variability and productivity losses; in addition, traditional in-person training depends on the crop's biological seasonality and changing weather conditions, which fragments the training process. In response to this situation, the present project aimed to develop a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) based on virtual reality for the recognition of phenological stages associated with harvesting and artificial pollination in oil palm. To this end, an applied, technology-based research approach was employed, developed in four phases: characterization of phenological stages based on institutional literature and the BBCH scale; digitization of reproductive structures through 3D scanning and post-processing in Blender; development of the immersive system in Unreal Engine 5; and design of a pretest-posttest validation scheme. As a result, the required phenological stages were characterized, 19 optimized three-dimensional models were generated, and a functional VLE was built with modules for artificial pollination and optimal harvest point, refined based on exploratory feedback from users. These findings demonstrate the technical and pedagogical feasibility of virtual reality as an agricultural training tool, laying the groundwork for the formal validation of its impact on learning.
Evolución funcional de plataformas tecnológicas para el apoyo a los procesos de certificación aeronáutica
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-08-31) Niño Sandoval, Kelly Johanna; Calderon Sua, Daniel Fernando; Universidad Santo Tomás
This business practicum report documents the work carried out by a Mechatronics Engineering student at the Aeronautical Products Certification Subsection (SUCPA) of the Colombian Aerospace Force, between December 2025 and June 2026, at the Aeronautical Maintenance Command (CAMAN), whose general objective was to strengthen SUCPA's aeronautical certification processes through the functional evolution of technological platforms aimed at managing, tracking, and disseminating information, broken down into four specific objectives: characterizing processes and information management mechanisms, strengthening document traceability, evaluating improvement opportunities in digital tools, and functionally evolving said platforms; to this end, a work plan was structured around three operational objectives, carried out through regulatory study (RACAE 21, RAC 21, 14 CFR Part 21, EASA Part 21), ongoing support in document management (SharePoint, AUDITOR PLUS), and the development of technological tools, resulting in nine of twelve executed activities being fully completed, two partially completed, and one suspended due to a reassignment of priorities, with notable deliverables including an augmented reality application in Unity/AR Foundation (functional interface achieved, incomplete 3D model integration), the identification of structural flaws in AUDITOR PLUS, the complete reorganization of the certification course in Genially and Blackboard, a KPI dashboard in Looker Studio, initial three-dimensional modeling of certified products, and technical proposals for the UAS/RPAS application in Power Apps; in discussion, it was shown that SUCPA's dynamic prioritization shaped the scope of some technological developments without affecting the overall success of the practicum, reflecting the dependency's changing operational nature, and it is concluded that the four specific objectives were fulfilled, strengthening document traceability, identifying deficiencies in institutional platforms, and providing SUCPA with new management, monitoring, and dissemination tools, while also developing professional competencies in adaptability and technical communication.
Evolución funcional de plataformas tecnológicas para el apoyo a los procesos de certificación aeronáutica
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-08-26) Calderon Sua, Daniel Fernando; Niño Sandoval, Kelly Johanna; Universidad Santo Tomas
This business practicum report documents the work carried out by a Mechatronics Engineering student at the Aeronautical Products Certification Subsection (SUCPA) of the Colombian Aerospace Force, between December 2025 and June 2026, at the Aeronautical Maintenance Command (CAMAN), whose general objective was to strengthen SUCPA's aeronautical certification processes through the functional evolution of technological platforms aimed at managing, tracking, and disseminating information, broken down into four specific objectives: characterizing processes and information management mechanisms, strengthening document traceability, evaluating improvement opportunities in digital tools, and functionally evolving said platforms; to this end, a work plan was structured around three operational objectives, carried out through regulatory study (RACAE 21, RAC 21, 14 CFR Part 21, EASA Part 21), ongoing support in document management (SharePoint, AUDITOR PLUS), and the development of technological tools, resulting in nine of twelve executed activities being fully completed, two partially completed, and one suspended due to a reassignment of priorities, with notable deliverables including an augmented reality application in Unity/AR Foundation (functional interface achieved, incomplete 3D model integration), the identification of structural flaws in AUDITOR PLUS, the complete reorganization of the certification course in Genially and Blackboard, a KPI dashboard in Looker Studio, initial three-dimensional modeling of certified products, and technical proposals for the UAS/RPAS application in Power Apps; in discussion, it was shown that SUCPA's dynamic prioritization shaped the scope of some technological developments without affecting the overall success of the practicum, reflecting the dependency's changing operational nature, and it is concluded that the four specific objectives were fulfilled, strengthening document traceability, identifying deficiencies in institutional platforms, and providing SUCPA with new management, monitoring, and dissemination tools, while also developing professional competencies in adaptability and technical communication.
Práctica empresarial para la realización de un plan de mantenimiento preventivo y un sistema automatizado para su gestión en la empresa de los angeles investment s.a.s.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-08-04) Ortiz Corzo, Arvey Rodolfo; Diaz Jaimes, Pedro Pablo; Universidad Santo Tomás
This degree project aimed to design and implement a preventive maintenance plan and an automated management system for De Los Ángeles Investment S.A.S. to improve the control, scheduling, and monitoring of maintenance activities for the company's assets. The methodology followed an applied approach and consisted of four stages: identifying and inventorying the company's equipment, defining maintenance tasks and frequencies based on technical criteria, operating conditions, and manufacturers' recommendations, developing a computerized maintenance management tool, and training the personnel responsible for its use. The project resulted in the creation of a comprehensive asset inventory, the establishment of preventive maintenance schedules with defined frequencies, and the development of an automated Microsoft Excel system using VBA programming to record maintenance activities, store historical data, and manage maintenance operations. In addition, an automated notification system was implemented through the integration of Google Sheets, Power Automate, and Telegram, enabling timely alerts for upcoming and overdue maintenance tasks. The results demonstrate that the automated system improves maintenance planning, organization, and traceability while reducing reliance on manual records and supporting more effective decision-making. Furthermore, it contributes to minimizing unexpected equipment failures, increasing asset availability, and improving fleet maintenance management. It is concluded that the implementation of the preventive maintenance plan and the automated management system provides an effective solution for enhancing the company's operational efficiency and establishes a solid foundation for future improvements in comprehensive asset management.
Análisis comparativo entre IEC 61131-3 e IEC 61499 y su papel en la evolución de la automatización industrial distribuida
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-06-25) Jurado Pérez, Julio César; Niño Sandoval, Kelly Johanna; Universidad Santo Tomás
The evolution of industrial automation systems has created the need for control architectures that are increasingly flexible, scalable, and interoperable. In this context, international standards have played a fundamental role in defining models for industrial control software development. This study presents a comparative analysis between IEC 61131-3 and IEC 61499, two widely recognized standards in the field of programmable logic controller programming and distributed automation systems. The research was conducted using a documentary and comparative approach, based on the review of technical literature, normative documents, and academic studies related to both standards. The analysis focuses on key aspects such as programming models, software architecture, control distribution capabilities, interoperability between devices, and their level of adoption in industrial environments. The results show that IEC 61131-3 remains the dominant standard in industry due to its technological maturity, widespread adoption, and strong support from PLC manufacturers. However, IEC 61499 introduces an event-driven approach and a more distributed architecture aimed at improving software portability and system interoperability. Finally, it is concluded that although both standards present advantages and limitations, the adoption of new control architectures will depend on technological developments and the practical needs of the industry.
Análisis de la ciberseguridad en protocolos de comunicación inalámbrica industrial
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-06-23) Navas Valencia, Eduar Hernando; Becerra Angarita, Oscar Fernando; Universidad Santo Tomás
Industrial wireless communications are a key enabling technology for Industry 4.0, IIoT, and cyber-physical systems, providing flexible and scalable connectivity for industrial devices and processes. However, their widespread adoption increases exposure to cybersecurity threats affecting authentication, integrity, confidentiality, and availability. This paper reviews the main attacks targeting industrial wireless networks and analyzes mitigation mechanisms reported in the literature, including cryptography, authentication schemes, IDS/IPS, blockchain, deep learning, anti-jamming techniques, SDN, and trust management models. The analysis shows that no single solution can address all threats, requiring a multilayer security approach. Furthermore, recent research highlights a growing integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning to enhance threat detection and adaptive defense capabilities in industrial environments.
Reparación, mantenimiento y gestión de los equipos electrónicos de los asesores en la empresa KONECTA
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-06-09) Jimenez Muñoz, William David; Diaz Jaimes, Pedro Pablo; Perez Rondon, Felix Antonio; Universidad Santo Tomas
The business internship was carried out in the technical area of a Contact Center company, specifically in the telecommunications device repair workshop, where preventive and corrective maintenance activities were performed on low- and medium-complexity electronic equipment such as headsets, microphones, and adapters, with the aim of ensuring their proper operation and reintegration into daily operations. During the internship, visual inspections, fault diagnosis, component repair and replacement, device assembly, and functional verification through basic testing were conducted, along with the implementation of technical records and control processes that improved the traceability of the serviced equipment. These activities enabled the application of engineering criteria inherent to Mechatronics Engineering, strengthening competencies in failure analysis, quality control, and maintenance management, while contributing to the optimization of technological resources and the reuse of electronic devices within the company.
Práctica empresarial para la ejecución de un plan de mantenimiento preventivo y correctivo en la empresa Konecta
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-06-12) Vargas Flórez, Yesid Santiago; Pérez Rondón, Félix Antonio; Diaz Jaimes, Pedro Pablo; Universidad Santo Tomas
Konecta's Resource Workshop is a strategic area within the Contact Center's operations, responsible for the maintenance, repair, and control of headsets, microphones, and adapters used by agents. In this context, this project developed a business practice focused on implementing a preventive and corrective maintenance plan. The goal was to improve incident handling, optimize the technical intervention workflow, and strengthen the management of the workshop's technological resources. A mixed-methods approach was employed, organized into three phases: standardization of technical procedures, maintenance execution and technical documentation, and traceability and control of interventions. As a result, the most frequently used resources were addressed, equipment was restored to operational status when feasible, its final condition was determined through repair, replacement, or disposal, and tracking mechanisms were established to improve repair traceability and the workshop's operational organization. Overall, this practice contributed to service continuity and better utilization of available resources.
Mecatrónica en la agroindustria: Integración de tecnologías en el cultivo de palma de aceite colombiano
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-04-29) Duarte Murcia, Joan Sebastian; Peña Galvis, Omar Leonardo; Universidad Santo Tomas
The oil palm crop in Colombia faces significant challenges related to labor shortages, increasing operational costs, and the need to improve productivity and sustainability within the sector. In this context, agricultural mechanization and automation emerge as strategic alternatives to optimize production processes and strengthen the competitiveness of the oil palm agroindustry. This undergraduate thesis aims to support the development, optimization, and adaptation of mechatronic technologies applied to oil palm cultivation through a mixed methodology that combines bibliographic review, experimental design, and field validation. Four main areas of work were addressed: the strengthening of knowledge in the mechatronic and agricultural fields, the design and validation of an automated level measurement device, the analysis of energy consumption of electric sprayers used in assisted pollination, and the proposal of a semi-automated system for preventive rounds against bud rot disease. As a result, a functional prototype for level measurement in a pan evaporimeter tank was designed and validated, capable of automatically recording water level, ambient temperature, and relative humidity, achieving a correlation greater than 95% compared to the manual method and an autonomy of approximately 50 hours. Additionally, a comparative analysis of the energy consumption of different electric sprayers was conducted, identifying more energy-efficient equipment in terms of energy per liter applied. Finally, a semi-automated system was proposed to improve coordination and safety during preventive bud rot control operations. The results demonstrate the potential of mechatronics as a key tool for the modernization of the Colombian oil palm sector, promoting a more efficient, sustainable, and data-driven agricultural model.
Fortalecimiento de procesos internos para la mejora del soporte técnico posventa de equipos de networking industrial
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-04-29) Quiroga Herrera, Yhilber Yohary; Pérez rondón, Félix Antonio; Universidad santo Tomás
In the industrial networking sector, manufacturing companies maintain strategies to sustain customer preference by building reliability through strong and structured after-sales support, which becomes a determining factor for the company’s positioning. Direct communication, equipment manufacturing, and commissioning support ensure proper operation in real-world operating environments. This project aims to standardize and improve the after-sales support for industrial networking equipment manufactured by Atop Technologies, part of the BlackBear corporate group, by providing support during service execution and optimizing internal processes such as procedure documentation, meeting records, and inventory management, among others. Likewise, it involves implementing activities with staff to promote knowledge sharing and ensure follow-up of after-sales support cases. Likewise, the project seeks to compile all the knowledge acquired throughout the professional internship into a manual that will allow any new member of the support department to use it as a guide and carry out support services with clear and concise guidelines. This ensures that the progress achieved in this project is not lost, but instead preserved and applied to future situations
Mejora continua de procesos industriales: Diseño y ejecución de estrategias para la gestión y optimización de procesos en entornos industriales
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-04-16) Higuera Calvo, Jesús Alejandro; Mancilla López, Luis Rodrigo; Universidad santo Tomás
This report presents the development of a professional internship oriented toward administrative and engineering support for the management and execution of operational activities at the plant of the company identified as Industrias Electromecánicas Acuña LTDA, whose primary purpose was to strengthen internal processes of organization, control, and technical support. The internship arose from the need to optimize inventory management, improve the technical traceability of the work performed, and provide technical support to engineering activities, thus contributing to a more efficient and orderly operation. During the professional internship, engineering activities focused on operational optimization and technical design were executed. This included the technical management and control of fixed asset inventories and industrial consumables, as well as the development, review, and adjustment of blueprints for plate cutting dimensioning. Likewise, technical coordination of plant processes was led, and specialized support was provided in the intervention of electrical panels, ensuring compliance with technical specifications and safety standards under direct supervision. The results obtained showed a significant improvement in the organization and control of resources, greater reliability in administrative and technical documentation, and better articulation between the administrative, operational, and engineering areas. Additionally, the planning and execution of plant activities were strengthened, reducing errors and improving response times. This work highlights the importance of administrative and technical support in industrial environments, as well as the value of the engineer in the integration of organizational and technical processes that positively impact operational efficiency and the continuous improvement of the company.
Practica empresarial: desarrollo de un sistema de software de apoyo a generación de cotizaciones junto con base de datos para la empresa Ryctel S.A.S
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-03-28) Martínez Arenas, Diego Andrés; Niño Sandoval, Kelly Johanna; Diaz Jaimes, Pedro Pablo; Universidad Santo Tomás
This document presents the development of a capstone project in the form of a business internship, which first outlines the need for Ryctel S.A.S. to provide support to its engineering department due to its rapid growth, which in turn necessitates the development of a tool to assist with quotations within that department. With this in mind, a database-driven software tool was developed to enable the generation, saving, and subsequent editing of quotes for internal use within the company. This development process began by establishing a set of necessary requirements for the tool, selecting an appropriate development environment while considering time constraints and these requirements, conducting research and familiarizing ourselves with the selected development environment, and finally developing the software tool. The result is a tool that streamlines the process of generating and accessing quotes, while also supporting the company’s engineering department and enabling increased productivity and efficiency within it.
Informe de práctica empresarial: desarrollo de software como solución a problemas administrativos
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-03-16) Carreño Valencia, Juan David; Paez Casas, Deisy Carolina; Universidad Santo Tomás
This document aims to describe a bachelor's final project carried out in the form of an internship, which first identifies a base problem within e company Nexans Colombia: the lack of software tools to streamline various internal managing processes. Consequently, it proposes the development of software solutions based on the specific needs of employees and directives in different administrative areas, such as information systems or technologies, human resources, and general services. This development begins with a requirements analysis stage, considered crucial for establishing needs, and leads to the creation of multiple software solutions tailored to each specific area. The result being increased productivity and improved employee wellbeing thanks to the use of these software tools.
Práctica empresarial en control y automatización SOE PROCESS S.A.S
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-03-02) Oviedo Muñoz, Jose Alejandro; Niño Sandoval, Kelly Johanna; Universidad Santo Tomás
This document presents the development of business practices at SOE PROCESS S.A.S., where various engineering projects focused on the control and automation of industrial processes were developed and implemented, such as the grinding process, product drying process, boiler operation process, and other activities. This involved implementing the knowledge acquired academically in PLC programming, Windows applications, and communication protocol configuration.
Diseño de un controlador por realimentación de estados para modelos de dinámica poblacional de plagas ante aplicación periódica de un pesticida
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-02-27) Pimiento Serrano, Juan Diego; Castro Jaluba, William Razvan; Beltran Larrota, Carlos Mateo; Universidad Santo Tomás
Agricultural crops represent a vital part of the global economy and are essential for ensuring food security. Agriculture is responsible for the production of most of the world's food, and it is the largest employer on a global scale, with more than one billion people working in this sector. In Colombia, 15% of the workforce is employed in the agricultural sector, and in 2021 this sector accounted for 15.3% of GDP. However, agricultural crops are constantly under threat from a variety of pests that have a detrimental effect on food production and availability, causing significant economic losses. Aphids, for instance, are a family of pests present in a wide variety of crops, and managing their populations has been a constant challenge for farmers due to their rapid reproductive capacity and adaptability to diverse environments. It is estimated that at least 250 species of aphids are considered pests of economic importance due to their ability to cause significant damage to agricultural crops. Regarding the issue of pest populations, conventional methods such as the application of chemical insecticides are frequently employed. Nevertheless, these methods can be costly and inefficient in the long term due to the development of multiple forms of resistance by pests to these substances. It is imperative for farmers to exercise precision in the application of pesticides, given the potential for pesticide residues to compromise crop quality by altering physicochemical properties, accumulating in soils, and introducing toxicological risks to consumers. In this context, Automatic Control Theory can be applied to formulate pesticide application as an optimization problem, seeking a balance between effective pest suppression and minimal pesticide use. In this thesis, a controller is designed to estimate the periodic use of pesticides in pest population dynamics models based on stability, observability, and controllability analysis, and controller simulation.
La Brecha Teórico-Práctica en el Control Industrial: Un Análisis Estructural de las Metodologías de Implementación en PLCs y su Discrepancia con los Modelos Académicos
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-03-02) Bueno Romero, Juan Felipe; Niño Sandoval, Kelly Jhoanna; Universidad Santo Tomás
This monograph examines the gap between theoretical models of automatic control and their practical application in industrial environments based on Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). Although classical control theory, grounded in mathematical models and stability criteria, provides precise methodologies for controller design, in industrial practice these are adapted through autotuning tools, function blocks, and software libraries developed by manufacturers. These adaptations, implemented in platforms such as Logix Designer, TIA Portal, and EcoStruxure Control Expert, enable agile and reliable configuration while also introducing distance from the analytical rigor presented in academic texts. This work develops a comparative analysis of PID implementation methodologies from Rockwell Automation, Siemens, and Schneider Electric, contrasting them with theoretical approaches described in classical literature. Based on a documentary review and a simulation case in TIA Portal and Factory IO, the technical and operational factors that explain this gap are identified.
Estrategias para mitigar los armónicos generados por los dispositivos electrónicos de alta potencia
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-02-23) Acuña Martinez, Fabian José; Niño Sandoval, Kelly Johanna; Universidad Santo Tomas
This document presents a literature review of harmonics generated in the electrical grid, their consequences, and the available mitigation mechanisms. Furthermore, a cost-benefit analysis of the primary strategies used in the industry for their suppression is conducted, aiming to guide the selection of the most suitable alternative for each context.

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