Especialización Estructuras

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttp://hdl.handle.net/11634/67699

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Evaluación Preliminar de la Vulnerabilidad Sísmica en Viviendas de Uno y Dos Pisos Mediante Inspección Visual y Criterios Técnicos de la Nsr-10 en el Barrio El Roble del Municipio de Fortul en el Departamento de Arauca
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-08-25) Mondragón Vélez, Johanna; Sotelo Espinosa, Javier; Villamil Bueno, Carlos Andrés; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001436751
The document presents the technical assessment derived from the preliminary evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of one- and two-story dwellings in the El Roble neighborhood (see *Figure 1*), located in the municipality of Fortul, department of Arauca. The study was developed within the framework of the Community Social Projects degree option of the Specialization in Structures program at Universidad Santo Tomás, Tunja Branch. The municipality of Fortul is located in an area classified as having high seismic hazard according to NSR-10, Appendix A-4 of Title A (AIS, 2010). A significant proportion of the dwellings in the neighborhood have been developed through self-construction processes, whereby families themselves initiated the construction and subsequent progressive development of their homes. In other words, as financial resources become available, construction works are carried out according to the economic capacity of each household. These processes have been taking place since the area's colonization in 1920 to the present day, without the technical assistance required to ensure compliance with the regulatory requirements for earthquake-resistant design and construction. This condition creates structural vulnerability scenarios that warrant a preliminary assessment. Through direct visual inspection, including access to the interior of the dwellings, architectural, construction, and structural characterization data were collected from a sample of homes in the neighborhood. Irregularities and vulnerability factors were identified based on the criteria established by the Colombian Earthquake-Resistant Construction Code, NSR-10, and the FEMA P-154 Rapid Visual Screening methodology. A **qualitative** vulnerability classification was then established using a traffic-light system (Favorable–Green, Moderate–Yellow, Unfavorable–Red). The assessment was conducted on a sample of ten (10) dwellings in the El Roble neighborhood, selected through a purposive non-probability sampling process and distributed among the neighborhood's five sectors (M1 to M5). The results show a distribution across the three traffic-light levels: five dwellings (50%) were classified as having Medium vulnerability, four (40%) as having Low vulnerability, and one (10%) as having High vulnerability. The main finding is structural in nature: all of the assessed dwellings consist of partially confined masonry, with tie beams and reinforced-concrete tie columns provided only at some wall intersections. This condition is consistent with the absence of earthquake-resistant structural design in the original construction of the neighborhood. Additional recurrent aggravating factors include insufficient wall density, rising dampness at the base of the walls, and informal extensions. It should be emphasized that the Low vulnerability category represents a relative screening result—reflecting a lower proportion of unfavorable parameters and the absence of critical parameters classified as unfavorable—and does not imply compliance with the requirements of NSR-10. Priority is therefore recommended for structural confinement interventions, including the installation of reinforced-concrete tie columns and ring beams, moisture management at the base of the walls, and a detailed structural assessment of the dwelling classified as having High vulnerability. As a final product, the project provides the El Roble Neighborhood Community Action Board with a technical assessment presented in accessible language, together with recommendations for good construction practices. The document also records the methodology followed and the results obtained. It should be clarified that this study is academic in nature. The students, the project director, and Universidad Santo Tomás assume no responsibility for any construction and/or repair processes carried out on the dwellings as a result of this study and/or its annexes. The signatures appearing on this document have no legal validity for construction and/or repair processes.
Uso De Arcillas Calcinadas En la Fabricación De Cemento Como Estrategia De Mitigación De Costos e Impacto Ambiental: Sistematización De la Experiencia De Misión Académica Internacional al Centro De Innovación e Investigación De Holcim En Toluca (Estado de México) y Su Potencial De Aplicación En Colombia
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-08-21) Martínez Falla, Javier Humberto; Villamil Bueno, Carlos Andres; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001436751
The cement industry is responsible for approximately 8 % of global CO₂ emissions, derived mainly from clinker production, whose process of limestone decarbonation and fuel combustion at temperatures close to 1450 °C accounts for most of the material's carbon footprint. This work systematizes the experience of the international academic mission carried out on May 25, 2026, to the Holcim Innovation and Research Center in Toluca (State of Mexico), where the use of calcined clays as a supplementary cementitious material for the manufacture of LC3-type low-carbon cements and of the ECOPlanet commercial line was learned about first-hand, with emission reductions of up to 50 % compared to ordinary Portland cement. The objective is to analyze the uses, applications, benefits, and technical, economic, and environmental advantages of calcined clays in cement production, and to assess their potential for application in Colombia. The methodology corresponds to the systematization of experiences: recording and analysis of the technical visit, documentary review of the state of the art (LC3 technology, mechanical and durability properties), and comparison with the Colombian regulatory and industrial context (NTC 121, NSR-10, and national industrial experiences). The expected results are a technical systematization document and an academic poster that contribute to the dissemination of low-carbon cement technologies in the country's structural engineering practice, supporting the national greenhouse gas reduction targets and the competitiveness of the construction sector.
Reforzamiento Muros de Mampostería en Viviendas de la Comuna 4 de la Ciudad de Villavicencio Mediante la Aplicación de Pañete con Malla Electrosoldada
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-07-10) Bernal Páez, Jorge Enrique; Orduy Garay, Edwin David; Forero Pabón, Jhonatan Augusto; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001962062
This document proposes a reinforcement solution for non-structural masonry walls in homes located in Commune 4 of Villavicencio. This technique consists of applying a welded mesh reinforced wall panel to one side of the wall, or, where appropriate, both. This strategy seeks to increase the walls' ability to withstand earthquakes in a practical and economical manner. The study is based on in-situ theoretical analysis. A structural physical diagnosis of the buildings was conducted, supported by several scientific and academic articles examining the behavior of unconfined masonry and the effective reinforcement technique of welded mesh reinforced wall panel, which demonstrates its ability to improve the strength, stiffness, and ductility of walls without the need for costly structural modifications. The methodology of this project is based on a combination of direct observation and comparative analysis of structural performance and an evaluation of the economic feasibility of the technique. The goal is for the proposal to not only improve the seismic safety of the homes studied, but also for the implemented technique to serve as a benchmark for housing improvements in areas with similar seismic risks.
Análisis Comparativo Del Diseño Estructural De Vigas De Concreto Reforzado Según la NSR-10 Y el ACI 318 En Colombia
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-06-11) Gamba Bohórquez, Sebastián Camilo; Castellanos Hernández, Hebler Ernesto; Foreron Pabon, Jhonatan Augusto; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001962062
This study aims to perform a comparative analysis of the structural design of reinforced concrete beams using the Colombian code NSR-10 and the international standard ACI 318, in order to identify similarities, differences, and their implications within the context of structural engineering practice in Colombia. The main design criteria are examined, including load combinations, strength reduction factors, minimum and maximum reinforcement ratios, flexural and shear design, as well as detailing requirements. The adopted methodology consists of designing a representative beam under predefined geometric and loading conditions, applying each code independently. Subsequently, the results are compared in terms of required steel area, reinforcement distribution, stress control, and compliance with limit states. The findings reveal differences in design procedures and requirements, particularly regarding structural safety criteria, shear design approach, and seismic design provisions. In this regard, NSR-10 incorporates specific considerations derived from the Colombian seismic context, which directly influence the final design and detailing of structural elements. It is concluded that, although both codes share a common conceptual basis based on strength design principles, the particular adaptations included in NSR-10 lead to relevant variations in beam design, highlighting the importance of its proper application in the national context.
Monitoreo de salud estructural de puentes: del IMT a Colombia
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-07-16) Guardela Simancas, Luis Guillermo; Hernández Acosta, Daniel Camilo; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001778201
Bridges are critical infrastructure whose failure entails severe human and economic losses, as demonstrated by the collapses of the I-35W in Minneapolis (2007), the Morandi viaduct in Genoa (2018), and the Chirajara bridge in Colombia (2018). Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) addresses this risk through sensor networks, continuous data acquisition, and structural response analysis, enabling the detection of damage at its progressive levels and guiding evidence-based preventive maintenance. This work systematizes the experience of the international academic mission to the Mexican Transportation Institute (IMT), located in Sanfandila (Querétaro, Mexico), and to its Bridge and Intelligent Structures Monitoring Center (CeMPEI), with the emblematic case of the El Carrizo cable-stayed bridge, under periodic monitoring since 2021 through fiber optic (FBG) instrumentation. The IMT methodology is analyzed —sensors, parameters, data acquisition, modal analysis, finite element model calibration, and decision criteria— and its potential application in Colombia is assessed through a four-phase systematization of experiences approach: documentation of the visit, state of the art, comparative analysis IMT–Colombia, and formulation of recommendations aligned with the CCP-14 Colombian Bridge Code and the INVÍAS manuals.
Análisis Comparativo de los Criterios de Diseño Sísmico y del Uso de la Mampostería en Concreto en Colombia y República Dominicana.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-04-10) Vargas Marulanda, Ronal David; Medina Sierra, Wilson Alfredo; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001435719; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0454-3251
Colombia and the Dominican Republic are located in areas of high seismic hazard, which has led to the development of regulatory frameworks for structural design. In Colombia, the Colombian Seismic Resistant Construction Regulation NSR-10 integrates the requirements for seismic and structural masonry design into a single regulatory body, while in the Dominican Republic these guidelines are found distributed in separate regulations. The academic mission allowed observing the widespread use of concrete masonry in low-rise buildings and motivated the comparison of regulatory criteria between both countries.
Comparación de prácticas constructivas y control de calidad observadas en la Misión Académica Internacional en Santo Domingo y su posible aplicación en infraestructura educativa oficial en Colombia
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-02-12) Mahecha, María; Daza, Angel
The international academic mission carried out in Santo Domingo strengthened the training of structural engineering specialists through the observation of construction practices, structural systems, quality control processes, and regulatory frameworks. The study followed a descriptive and observational approach based on urban tours, an academic visit to the materials and soil mechanics laboratories of the Autonomous University of Santo Domingo, and the observation of an industrialized construction system using modular metal formwork. This work reflects on the importance of quality control, seismic-resistant regulations, and the academic interest in industrialized construction systems for public educational infrastructure in Colombia, without performing quantitative analyses or structural verification.
Comparación de prácticas constructivas y control de calidad observadas en la Misión Académica Internacional en Santo Domingo y su posible aplicación en infraestructura educativa oficial en Colombia
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-02-10) María de los Ángeles Mahecha Sánchez; Daza Pinzón, Angel Francisco
La misión académica internacional realizada en Santo Domingo permitió fortalecer la formación del especialista en estructuras mediante la observación de prácticas constructivas, sistemas estructurales, control de calidad y referentes normativos. El trabajo se desarrolló con un enfoque descriptivo y observacional, a partir de recorridos urbanos, la visita a los laboratorios de materiales y mecánica de suelos de la Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo y la observación de una obra con sistema constructivo industrializado mediante encofrado metálico modular. A partir de estas experiencias, se reflexiona sobre la importancia del control de calidad, la correcta aplicación de la normativa sismo resistente y el interés académico de los sistemas industrializados en el contexto de la infraestructura educativa oficial en Colombia, sin desarrollar análisis cuantitativos ni verificaciones estructurales.
Revisión De los Parámetros de Diseño Estructural En Compuertas Hidráulicas de Grandes Obras: Análisis Comparativo Entre las Esclusas Del Canal de Panamá Y las Propuestas Para el Canal Del Dique en Colombia
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-01-30) Ruiz Pidiache, Laura Natalia; Vásquez Castillo, Lina María; Daza Pinzon, Angel Francisco; Universidad Santo Tomás
The need to control flow rates, ensure navigability, and protect ecosystems in tropical river environments has driven the design of hydraulic structures such as sluice gates, whose performance depends largely on their structural characteristics. In tropical contexts, this design requires rigorous criteria to ensure strength, stability, and durability against hydrostatic loads, thermal effects, corrosion, and complex geotechnical conditions. The locks of the Panama Canal, especially after its expansion, are an international benchmark for their technical sophistication, with rolling gates capable of withstanding high hydrostatic stresses, earthquakes, and highly corrosive environments. In contrast, the restoration project for the Canal del Dique in Colombia involves similar infrastructure, facing challenges specific to soft soils, high sedimentation, and water variability, which raises questions about the adaptation of structural parameters in geotechnically different contexts. This project develops documentary and comparative research focused on the technical analysis of the structural parameters used in the Panama Canal locks (materials, geometry, closure systems, foundations, and regulations) to compare them with the proposals for the hydraulic control system of the Canal del Dique on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. The objective is to identify transferable structural principles that can be adapted to the Colombian context under standards such as Colombia NSR-10. The methodology includes a regulatory and typological review, together with a structural analysis aimed at constructing a comparative matrix as the main result. This research seeks to contribute to the strengthening of the national river infrastructure from a structural engineering perspective, generating relevant technical inputs for the design of floodgates in tropical settings with challenging geotechnical conditions.
Evaluación del avance de la carbonatación en concreto bajo condiciones de alto trafico urbano: Caso Tunja, Colombia.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-09-12) Barrantes Duarte, Angie Tatiana; Castellanos Castaño, Sara Alejandra; Medina Sierra, Wilson Alfredo; Universidad Santo Tomas
Carbonation in concrete is a progressive phenomenon that compromises the durability of structures, especially in urban environments exposed to high levels of vehicular pollution. This study focused on evaluating the impact of traffic on the advancement of carbonation in concrete by exposing cylindrical specimens in ten strategic locations in the city of Tunja, selected based on their varying levels of traffic congestion. The main objective was to identify whether urban environmental conditions significantly influence concrete performance over time. A four-phase methodology was developed: traffic analysis, specimen fabrication, six-month exposure in the field, and evaluation of carbonation depth. Results showed that although all specimens exhibited structural behavior within expected parameters, the depth of carbonation varied significantly between zones. This confirmed that the urban environment directly influences the rate of concrete deterioration. As a conclusion, a general zoning was established, identifying the areas most affected by this phenomenon in Tunja, providing a useful foundation for future decisions regarding the design, maintenance, and preservation of structures in the city. Keywords— Carbonation, Concrete, Carbon Monoxide, Traffic
Alternativas al traslape en refuerzo estructural: análisis normativo y técnico desde la práctica internacional
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-09-10) Pérez Estrada, Johana Inés; Alvarez Castañeda, Harold Alexander; Universidad Santo Tomas
This study presents a comparative analysis of reinforcement splicing methods in reinforced concrete structural elements, with a special focus on the applicability of mechanical splices versus conventional lap splices, which are predominantly used in Colombia. The research is based on a review of relevant standards (NSR-10, ACI 318, and ASTM A1034), as well as on documented international and national experiences in high-rise buildings. The methodology included the identification of internationally recognized splice types, the verification of normative requirements through tensile testing, and the consultation of local applications, particularly in the Torre Atrio and Edificio Aguacate projects. Findings indicate that, within the Colombian context, mechanical splices have been mainly employed in post-construction solutions, such as continuity of previously cast elements, while conventional lap splices remain prevalent during the construction stage. The results highlight that national regulations allow the use of mechanical splices in columns under specific performance and location requirements, but their practical implementation in local projects is still limited. Moreover, it was confirmed that mechanical splices provide greater structural reliability in critical seismic zones, provided that they comply with the Type 2 classification of ASTM A1034. In conclusion, this research suggests that mechanical splices represent a viable and innovative alternative to improve safety and optimize construction processes in reinforced concrete structures in Colombia. Keywords: Mechanical splices, conventional lap splices, reinforced concrete, NSR-10, ACI 318, ASTM A1034

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