Maestría Patología de la Construcción

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttp://hdl.handle.net/11634/70640

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Estudio patológico en el sótano y semisótano del centro comercial Unicentro Villavicencio (Avenida 40 Villavicencio – Meta-1)
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-06-16) Capera Hernández, Miguel Andrés; Rodríguez Moreno, Andersson Edward; Zambrano Vásquez, Diana Mylena; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000116359; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001913908; https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6042-1250; https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9833-6051
The present research work, developed within the framework of the Master's in Construction Pathology at the Universidad Santo Tomás, aimed to conduct a comprehensive pathological diagnosis of the basement and semi-basement levels of the Unicentro Villavicencio Shopping Center, a reinforced concrete building inaugurated in 2007, located on Avenida 40 in the city of Villavicencio, department of Meta. The methodology adopted an applied-diagnostic approach with a descriptive-analytical scope, under the case study modality. Four sequential phases were executed: document review, systematic visual inspection using injury identification sheets with photographic records, application of non-destructive Schmidt hammer tests on six representative structural elements, and analysis of geotechnical information of the site. Nine patterns of deterioration were identified and classified, distributed into the following categories according to their origin: physical (44.4%), mechanical (22.2%), chemical (11.1%), biological (11.1%), and anthropological (11.1%). The predominant manifestations corresponded to moisture from filtration in floor slabs and retaining walls, superficial cracking, efflorescence from salt migration, biodeterioration in areas with low ventilation, and early signs of corrosion in exposed metal elements. According to their level of severity, 44.4% of the lesions were classified as mild, 44.4% as moderate, and 11.2% as severe. The sclerometry tests yielded surface resistance values of the concrete between 12.25 MPa and 23.04 MPa, with an average of 18.75 MPa, indicating a general preservation of the material's functional capacity, although with differential superficial deterioration in areas of permanent moisture. The geotechnical analysis revealed that the building is situated on a type D soil, with direct influence from the Maizaro stream and annual rainfall exceeding 4,383 mm, conditions that explain the recurrence and spatial distribution of the identified deterioration patterns. Based on the diagnosis, a preventive-corrective intervention proposal and a structured maintenance plan were formulated. It is concluded that the building maintains general conditions of structural stability and functionality; however, the persistence of moderate severity damage associated with moisture poses a risk to its medium and long-term durability in the absence of timely intervention.
Estimación de la resistencia del concreto con el método SonReb en obras civiles de la ciudad de Neiva
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-12-21) Vergara Vergara , Daniel Eduardo; Alba Camacho , Juan Pablo; Fabián Camilo, Falla Naranjo; Chinome Giraldo , Camilo Andrés; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001901015; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0002155399; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8768-8770
This study aims to evaluate the in-situ compressive strength of concrete, using the SonReb method as an alternative to traditional destructive testing. In practice, destructive methods are expensive, slow, and often alter structural elements. In contrast, non-destructive testing (NDT), and particularly the SonReb method—which combines rebound hammer testing and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV)—allows obtaining fast, economical results without causing damage to the structure. The research was carried out in the city of Neiva, applying the method to thirty concrete cylinders older than twenty-eight days, collected from different civil works. A Silver Schmidt OS8200 digital rebound hammer and an IWIN-U910 ultrasonic device were used under ASTM C805, ASTM C597, and ASTM C39 standards for destructive verification. Based on the results obtained, SonReb equations were adjusted and their accuracy was evaluated through multiple regression, logarithmic linearization, and coefficient of determination (R²) analysis. The results show that the SonReb method can be a reliable tool for the non-destructive estimation of concrete strength, provided it is calibrated and validated under local conditions, considering the materials and construction practices of the region. Consequently, this study seeks to provide technical evidence supporting the use of the SonReb method in Neiva, promoting more accurate diagnoses, less invasive interventions, and a culture of structural evaluation based on NDT, thus strengthening local technical capacity in the field of construction pathology.
Evaluación e intervención para la reducción de la vulnerabilidad sísmica de una vivienda, aplicando la norma ais 410-23 en la ciudad de San Francisco / Putumayo.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-01-20) Gutiérrez Hernández, Karen Xiomara; Yela Velásquez, Yolman Yasmany; , Said Steward; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001424763
This research aims to analyze the role of pathological studies in assessing the structural vulnerability of informal housing, based on the guidelines of Committee AIS 410-23 of the Colombian Earthquake-Resistant Construction Standard (NSR-10). The analysis was carried out on a house located in the municipality of San Francisco, Putumayo, which was built informally, without technical supervision or legal construction permits. The building exhibits the most common characteristics of self-construction: the use of diverse materials, construction techniques derived from the expertise of the personnel, and observable damage to the various structural elements. During the assessment, pathological conditions were identified such as diagonal cracks in load-bearing walls, rising damp at the bases due to capillarity, incipient corrosion in the structural reinforcements, and uneven settlements in the various foundations. The application of the criteria established by NSR-10, specifically those of Committee AIS 410-23, reveals a high level of structural vulnerability, indicating that the dwelling faces considerable risks and requires immediate technical intervention. It is noteworthy that the study revealed limitations in current regulations regarding the detailed inclusion of direct damage inspection and monitoring of the progress of deterioration, which may affect diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, a complementary methodology is proposed that integrates visual inspection, damage classification, non-destructive testing, and evaluation in accordance with current regulations. This approach aims to provide more accurate and objective results regarding the structural condition, minimizing subjectivity in damage assessment, optimizing decision-making, and providing reliable technical information for planning future interventions and ensuring proper risk management in informal housing.
Estrategias de restauración y adaptación funcional a viviendas coloniales ubicadas en el centro histórico de Bogotá para uso cultural
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-01-21) Londoño Chinome, Diana Carolina; Londoño Chinome, Jenny Alejandra; , Maria Isabel; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000225878; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=cl0N00EAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4343-3143
This research explores restoration and functional adaptation strategies for colonial houses located in the Historic Center of Bogotá D.C., aiming to preserve their architectural and structural integrity while promoting their cultural use in the contemporary urban context. Using a qualitative approach, the study examines emblematic cases such as Casa Sámano and Casa de Poesía Silva, identifying successful interventions that have maintained the historical authenticity of these buildings while integrating them into new cultural and touristic dynamics. The methodology was structured in four stages: assessment of current conditions, regulatory analysis, proposal of intervention strategies, and architectural-structural design. Traditional materials such as rammed earth, adobe, and clay tiles were identified, along with common pathological issues affecting their stability. The regulatory framework, guided by the Special Management and Protection Plan (PEMP) and Law 397 of 1997, provided the basis for proposing technical guidelines that respect heritage values. The study concludes that transforming these houses into cultural spaces through reversible, compatible, and sustainable interventions is both feasible and necessary to foster economic development and social appropriation of the city's historical heritage
Alternativas para mitigar o evitar los daños asociados a los ataques quimicos que afectan la durabilidad del hormigon reforzado para el mejoramiento funcional de la planta de procesamiento de jugos y pulpas de Santander
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-01-03) Julian David Acosta Prieto; María Paz Duque Gutiérrez; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001954616; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=k9sb4usAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1245-0944
This research focuses on identifying alternatives to mitigate and/or prevent damage associated with chemical attacks by organic acids that affect the durability of reinforced concrete, providing effective control measures to preserve the Santander Juice and Pulp Processing Plant. To this end, the research will delve into the components that alter and degrade the composition of concrete under acidic chemical attacks, offering solutions with suitable construction processes and materials developed using current technologies. There are research articles in ScienceDirect, such as those by Ninan et al. (2023) and Guidone et al. (2004), that integrate two variables of acid exposure environments, evaluating their impact on concrete and the microstructural effects that determine durability. However, recent literature does not yet identify an integrative study that simultaneously and systematically considers the set of variables—environmental, operational, and contextual conditions, quality of workmanship, and material selection—whose mitigation, monitoring, and control are crucial for the performance and durability of concrete in the presence of citric acid.
Evaluación patológica y propuesta de rehabilitación del Puente Nacional esencial sobre el Río Palomino, considerando las normativas aashto Lrfd, Ccp-14 y recomendaciones Invias Colombia.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-12-20) Vergara Contreras, Jorge Armando; Emiro Alfonso, Bohorquez Gutierrez; Gamba Gómez, Osmart Albert; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000804371; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=RNg0RPgAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2124-5723
This study addresses the pathological assessment of the essential national bridge over the Palomino River, located on the Caribbean Trunk Road (Troncal del Caribe), between the departments of La Guajira and Magdalena. Built in 1968, the bridge constitutes a strategic node for regional connectivity and is currently affected by severe environmental conditions and a sustained increase in vehicular loads, exceeding those considered in its original design. The research was conducted under the guidelines of AASHTO LRFD specifications, the Colombian Bridge Code (CCP-14), and the recommendations of INVIAS. Visual inspections, geometric surveys, photographic records, inspection forms, and sclerometry tests were carried out. The results allowed the identification of significant deterioration mechanisms, including cracking in the deck slab, concrete cover spalling, reinforcement corrosion, deflections, joint deterioration, and signs of scour at the piers. Structural analysis determined that, while the deck meets the applied demands, the main girders achieve only 54% of the required capacity, revealing significant vulnerability under live load conditions. Based on this diagnosis, intervention measures aimed at ensuring functional safety and structural resilience are proposed. These include crack repair using epoxy resins, reinforcement passivation, application of polymer-modified mortars, protective coatings, and strengthening through fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) and additional externally post-tensioned cables. In conclusion, the Palomino Bridge presents a moderate to high risk level and has exceeded a substantial portion of its original design service life. The implementation of a comprehensive rehabilitation plan is recommended, complemented by foundation and scour studies, as well as a permanent structural monitoring program, in order to ensure the continuity of its strategic role within the essential road network of the Colombian Caribbean region.
Análisis comparativo de alternativas de refuerzo estructural en columnas: empresillado metálico vs. encamisado en concreto. Caso de estudio: proyecto Star Home, Medellín
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-12-19) Fernandez Muñoz, Adriana Elizabeth; Marín Millán, Humberto Rafael; Sanchez Londoño, Jeniffer; Gamba Gómez, Osmar Alberto; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000804371; https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=es&user=RNg0RPgAAAAJ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2124-5723
This monograph comparatively evaluates the structural performance of steel bracing and concrete jacketing as strengthening techniques for columns in medium-rise reinforced concrete buildings affected by pathologies, applied to the Star Home project in Medellín. The results show that concrete jacketing provides the greatest increase in axial-flexural capacity (15%), reduces drifts by 20%, and ensures compliance with the “strong column–weak beam” criterion in accordance with NSR-10. Although steel bracing offers advantages in execution time and initial cost, concrete jacketing presents greater long-term durability, with a life cycle exceeding 40 years. Its implementation is recommended for columns with strengths below 17 MPa to ensure structural safety during seismic events.
Manual de conservación y mantenimiento de las estaciones Férreas en Tolima como bienes de interés cultural
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-12-19) Ortiz Yara, Noffal; Pérez Botache , Jorge Andrés; Rodriguez Bernal, Carolina Margarita; Universidad Santo Tomás
A country's cultural heritage is not only a testament to its history, but also a reflection of its identity and collective memory. In Colombia, railway stations, especially those along the Espinal-Ibagué line, represent a fundamental part of this legacy. These stations, beyond being mere structures, narrate the country's social and economic development. However, today, many of these stations are at risk due to the passage of time, neglect, and sometimes inappropriate interventions that threaten their authenticity. Since these stations are listed as Cultural Heritage Sites (BIC), their conservation is not only a matter of physical restoration, but also an ethical and legal commitment that requires a sound methodological approach. Unlike other historical sites in the country, such as the historic center of Cartagena, for which a Special Management and Protection Plan (PEMP) already exists, there is no similar document for the stations on the Espinal-Ibagué line. This lack of a clear reference makes it urgent to develop a guide manual that provides guidelines for the professionals in charge of conservation. The purpose of this manual is to provide a detailed technical tool for experts in restoration and building pathology. It must guarantee that interventions in these stations respect their original essence, protect their historical value, and at the same time ensure their long-term durability. The manual is organized into three main sections: 1. Damage Assessment: This section will establish the necessary protocols for inspecting each station, evaluating its physical condition and historical context. To this end, technical data sheets will be used to accurately record the materials, original construction techniques, and any modifications made. Furthermore, a thorough analysis will be carried out to identify existing pathologies and understand their origin. 2. Conservation Procedures: Once the damage has been identified, the appropriate conservation and restoration techniques for each type of damage will be detailed. The approach will focus on minimal intervention and the reversibility of the actions, in order to ensure that the work carried out does not alter the historical value of the stations. 3. Unification of Criteria and Management: Finally, the manual will establish a management framework that allows professionals to work coherently at all stations, ensuring a uniform intervention at each one. This framework will also facilitate supervision and collaboration with the entities responsible for the protection of cultural heritage, guaranteeing that interventions are properly approved and supervised. This comprehensive approach not only seeks to protect the architectural heritage, but also to ensure that the stations continue to be an active part of the cultural and social landscape of the region, preserving their historical and functional importance.
Manual de prevención, evaluación y rehabilitación de lesiones en edificaciones residenciales con sistema estructural de muros de carga en concreto reforzado
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-12-16) Corredor Salamanca, Diego Armando; Medina Castro, Nestor Raul; Guzmán Bermúdez, Giovanni Eugenio; Pulido Cepeda, Yeyson; Barreto Castillo, Walter Mauricio; Universidad Santo Tomás
This monograph culminates in the creation of a Technical Manual for the Prevention, Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Structural Damage in Residential Buildings featuring Load-Bearing Walls in Reinforced Concrete. This manual is informed by a case study of the Torres del Silencio residential complex in Yopal (Casanare), where structural damage of this nature was frequently identified and classified in buildings exhibiting such characteristics. In Colombia, more than 50% of residential buildings, especially those within Social Interest Housing (VIS) and Priority Interest Housing (VIP) programs, are constructed using this type of structural system. Hence, the relevance of providing technical tools that enhance the safety, durability and habitability of these buildings. The methodology employed in this study encompassed: a regulatory review (NSR-10, NTC, and previous technical manuals), an analysis of specialized consultancies conducted by Dico Ingeniería y Arquitectura S.A.S. (2022), field inspections of the case study building complex aimed at identifying and classifying existing structural damage, the development of analytical models, and validation with experts. The resulting manual is structured around three axes—prevention, evaluation, and rehabilitation—and offers practical guidelines for construction professionals. Its application seeks to reduce the structural vulnerability of these buildings, extend their service life, and contribute to the sustainability of the built environment.
Estudio patológico y estrategia de rehabilitación para edificaciones existentes, y criterios a tener en cuenta para edificaciones nuevas. Caso de estudio manzana ubicada entre las carreras 15 y 16a y las calles 77 y 79, barrio el Lago.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-12-18) Padilla Peña, Stiven; Gamba Gomez, Osmar Albert; Universidad Santo Tomás
This study develops a comprehensive pathological assessment of the block located between Carrera 15 and 16A and Calle 77 and 79 in the El Lago neighborhood (Bogotá D.C.), with the aim of structuring a replicable methodological model for both the rehabilitation of existing buildings with advanced deterioration and the definition of preventive criteria applicable to the design and construction of new buildings within consolidated urban environments undergoing renovation processes. The research adopts a mixed technical-regulatory and perceptual approach, articulating three fundamental components: i) survey of structural damage through standardized visual inspection, ii) comparative analysis with national and international regulatory frameworks applicable to existing and new structures (ISO 13822, ASCE 41-17, NSR-10, AIS 100-24, POT 555/2021, and IDIGER Guidelines), and iii) collection of social perceptions through a survey of residents, merchants, and pedestrians. The normative analysis made it possible to establish a hierarchical methodological framework based on level-based assessment, seismic performance verification, and the correlation between damage types, severity, and risk to the pedestrian environment. The triangulation between technical criteria and citizen perception highlighted the need to address deterioration not only as a material phenomenon, but also as an urban management problem associated with the absence of preventive maintenance, weak control of adjacent works, and a lack of integration between renovation and conservation policies for structures. Consequently, the adoption of an intervention model based on risk prioritization matrices, rehabilitation protocols differentiated by type of pathology, and construction guidelines for new buildings that guarantee structural compatibility, control of impacts on neighboring properties, and protection of public space is proposed. This approach allows for a transition from reactive management of deterioration to preventive management of built heritage, providing direct input for the formulation of technical and public policy guidelines applicable to areas undergoing transformation such as Unilago–El Lago.
Formulación del plan de conservación para el templo de Cristo Rey de la ciudad de Pasto Nariño.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-01-21) Cortes Ordoñez, Miguel Angel; Mingan Batallas, Greicy Dayana; Urbano Caicedo, Olga Lucia; Patiño Leon, LIiliana Rocio; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000100939
This work aims to contribute to strengthening the conservation of the Cristo Rey Temple, located in the historic center of San Juan de Pasto, Nariño, declared a Cultural Heritage Site (BIC) by Decree 531 of 2005. Its purpose is to generate actions to support the preservation of the historical, architectural, artistic, and symbolic value of the building, in accordance with the current Colombian legal framework. The research is based on a historical, architectural, and pathological analysis, which identified multiple physical, chemical, and biological damages such as moisture absorption, detachment, erosion, and plant and animal colonization that affect its structural and aesthetic integrity. These pathologies were evaluated according to the construction systems involved (stone, mortar, brick, and reinforced concrete). The theoretical and regulatory framework is based on the principles of the Venice Charter (1964), the ICOMOS guidelines, and UNESCO conventions, highlighting the importance of tangible and intangible heritage and community participation in its management. Documentary, exploratory, and mixed methodologies, supported by laboratory tests and on-site observations, were applied to establish a comprehensive technical and heritage assessment. Based on the results, conservation actions were formulated, focusing on cleaning, consolidation, application of water-repellent treatments, humidity control, vegetation removal, and protection from urban wildlife, as well as the implementation of monitoring through non-destructive testing. The proposed Conservation Plan outlines a preventive and sustainable management approach that promotes the comprehensive preservation of the temple, strengthens its social appropriation, and ensures its transmission as a heritage legacy to future generations.
Evaluación del impacto de la ventilación mecánica en edificaciones residenciales en la ciudad de Barranquilla asociada a los diseños arquitectónicos y sistemas constructivos
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-12-16) Cotes Ramírez, Jagina Milena; Alcalá Cerro, Lina Margarita; Antolínez Antolínez, Dayana Carolina; Rodriguez Bernal, Carolina Margarita; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0002204206; https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9351-7202
In warm-humid climates such as Barranquilla, residential buildings face recurrent challenges related to thermal comfort, moisture control, and habitability, caused by standardized architectural designs and construction systems with low hygrothermal performance. These conditions promote the development of pathologies such as mold growth and condensation, affecting both material durability and occupant health. This study evaluates the impact of mechanical ventilation in residential buildings, considering its interaction with architectural design and construction systems to propose integrated mitigation strategies suited to tropical contexts. The research adopted a descriptive, analytical, and proactive approach structured in three phases: initial diagnosis, performance evaluation of mechanical ventilation systems, and formulation of improvement strategies. Results indicate average indoor temperatures of 30.1 °C and relative humidity of 69.4%, values outside the comfort range established by ASHRAE 55, leading to condensation and mold proliferation. Findings reveal that humidity-related pathologies have a multifactorial origin linked to the combined effects of design, construction systems, and ventilation efficiency. As a practical outcome, an intervention model is proposed that integrates passive strategies and efficient mechanical systems to enhance habitability, sustainability, and comfort in tropical residential environments.
Método adaptado para medir el número de rebote en el mortero endurecido, con base en el método de ensayo establecido en la NTC 3692:2018 para concreto, con el objetivo de estimar de manera comparativa la resistencia a la compresión del mortero para el caso del proyecto Coral.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-12-15) Suarez Marin, William Leonardo; Henao Rodriguez, Luis Jaime; Universidad Santo Tomas; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001996387; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0621-1197
He aim is to adapt an existing method such as the test to measure the rebound number of hardened concrete (sclerometer) NTC 3692:2018, which is a comparative test that requires special equipment with characteristics determined for its use on concrete (NTC 3692:2018).
Manual de intervención para garantizar la conservación patrimonial del camino real “Tramo Villanueva – Barichara – Guane”, como parte de la ruta de Lengerke, en el Departamento de Santander
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-10-14) Rondón Rueda, Gonzalo Alberto; Vesga Reyes, Jairo Augusto; Guzmán Ortega, Osvaldo David; Mayorga Hernández, María Isabel; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000225878; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001661709; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=cl0N00EAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4343-3143
The caminos reales, or mule-track roads, constitute a historical and cultural legacy of incalculable value for Colombia, particularly in regions such as Santander, where the intricate network of the Lengerke Route bears witness to the social, economic, and political dynamics that have shaped the territory from pre-Hispanic times to the present day. These ancient communication routes not only facilitated the movement of people, goods, and knowledge, but also emerged as essential arteries for community development and territorial configuration. However, despite their significance, these roads currently face increasing threats due to inadequate interventions driven by a lack of understanding of ancestral construction techniques and the absence of specific conservation guidelines. This situation has led to the alteration of the ancestral footprint of the caminos reales, incorporating materials and methods that undermine their heritage authenticity. In response, this monograph focuses on the development of an intervention manual that establishes the necessary guidelines to ensure the proper conservation and treatment of the Villanueva–Barichara–Guane section, part of the emblematic Lengerke Route in the department of Santander. Providing a detailed guide that outlines procedures, construction techniques, and criteria for performing maintenance and future interventions—while respecting and preserving ancestral knowledge, original materials, and the historical, aesthetic, and functional authenticity of these roads—is essential. The relevance of this research lies in the need for a concrete protocol that enables the protection, intervention, maintenance, and long-term preservation of these heritage infrastructures. By defining parameters that have not previously been addressed in a conscious and systematic manner, this work seeks to safeguard these caminos reales as assets of departmental and national heritage, ensuring the continuity of their legacy for future generations. From the perspective of construction pathology, this study is fundamental in addressing the diagnosis of existing alterations, identifying the causes of deterioration (including hydrological, hydraulic, and geotechnical factors), and proposing intervention guidelines that—grounded in the understanding of original materials and construction techniques—aim to prevent future damage and ensure the long-term durability and conservation of these heritage structures.

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