Pregrado Economía

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttp://hdl.handle.net/11634/160

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Pronóstico del Tipo de Cambio USD/COP mediante modelos econométricos y su aplicación en la fijación de precios para exportaciones con pagos diferidos
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-07-07) Sosa Sanabria, Kevin Eduardo; Sanabria Ospino, Alfredo Enrique; Pinto Suárez, Carlos Javier; Rangel Quiñonez, Henry Sebastián; Universidad Santo Tomás
Problem: The USD/COP exchange rate represents a significant financial risk for Colombian companies operating in international markets with deferred payments, generating uncertainty about future cash flows and potential losses in profit margins. Objective: To comparativel evaluate different econometric models for forecasting the USD/COP exchange rate and their applicability in pricing exports negotiated in dollars with deferred payments exceeding 30 days. Method: The USD/COP exchange rate time series was analyzed over the period 2020-2025, estimating four econometric specifications: ARIMA, SARIMA, EGARCH, and the hybrid SARIMA-EGARCH model with generalized error distribution (GED). Model selection was based on AIC and BIC information criteria, error metrics (RMSE, MAE, MAPE), and residual diagnostics, complemented by Monte Carlo simulations and a practical export pricing case study. Results: The hybrid SARIMA-EGARCH model demonstrated the best predictive performance by integrating the temporal structure of SARIMA with asymmetric volatility modeling from EGARCH, producing more realistic confidence intervals. Projections place the exchange rate in the $4.200-$4.300 COP per dollar range in the short term. Empirical validation through the Aroma Andino S.A.S. case study confirmed the model's utility, with forecast errors decreasing progressively from 3.59% at 30 days to 2.10% at 90 days. Discussion: Although the SARIMAEGARCH model constitutes a robust tool for exchange rate risk management, its use as the sole reference for export contract valuation should be complemented with financial hedging instruments, fundamental macroeconomic analysis, and consideration of exogenous variables not captured by univariate models.
Análisis y gestión de la información empresarial desde el área de business intelligence en ramedicas S.A.S.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-06-27) Rincón Galvis, Juan Sebastián; Caraballo, Leonardo Javier; Universidad Santo Tomás
This report describes the various processes and tasks I performed as an intern in the Business Intelligence department of RAMEDICAS S.A.S. These tasks focused on providing strategic and operational support to the organization's different departments through the analysis and management of the company's information. During my internship, I designed Power BI dashboards to visualize information relevant to company management, created periodic reports to identify opportunities for improvement, and performed routine updates and publications of information essential for the company's smooth operation. My work as part of this internship included data extraction, transformation, and cleaning using tools such as Power Query, as well as visualizing the processed information through dashboards created in Power BI. Each of these activities contributed to the accurate generation of information needed by Ramedicas' management. Furthermore, this report analyzes the organizational and economic environment in which the company operates, highlighting the importance of using business intelligence tools in the logistics and pharmaceutical sector.
Estrategias Para la Toma de Decisiones de ACICAM Santander a partir de un Estudio de Caracterización del Sector Calzado en Bucaramanga
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-06-26) Londoño Arciniegas, Diego Andrés; Jaimes Benavides, Helena Alexandra; Olarte Dueñas, Maryi Yurany; Universidad Santo Tomas
This research analyzes the structural characteristics, organizational maturity, innovation, and productivity of footwear companies affiliated with ACICAM Santander, aiming to provide information that supports the formulation of strategies to strengthen their competitiveness in Bucaramanga. Objective: To analyze the characteristics of the footwear sector affiliated with ACICAM Santander and propose strategies that support decision-making and enhance business competitiveness. Method: A quantitative research approach with a descriptive scope was employed through the application of a questionnaire validated by the association to a sample of 67 companies selected using probabilistic sampling, with a 95% confidence level and a 7% margin of error. Results: The sector is mainly composed of artisanal microenterprises characterized by centralized management, strong dependence on self-financing, and family business traditions. The findings also revealed progress in basic operational controls but significant gaps in strategic management, innovation practices, performance indicators, and quality certifications. Productivity showed considerable differences across processes and was generally measured through empirical methods. Discussion: Although the sector demonstrates operational capacity and productive experience, improving competitiveness requires strengthening management practices, innovation capabilities, and technological adoption. Consequently, strategic actions focused on e-commerce development with an artisanal identity, market expansion, technological modernization, and stronger productive linkages are proposed to promote sustainable competitiveness. Keywords: footwear sector, competitiveness, innovation, productivity, ACICAM Santander
Discriminación salarial de la población afrodescendiente en Colombia: evidencia empírica para los años 2021-2024
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-06-23) Rosado Rosado, Israel David; Rangel Quiñonez, Henry Sebastián; Universidad Santo Tomás
Racial wage discrimination constitutes one of the most persistent expressions of structural exclusion in labor markets in Latin America. In Colombia, the Afro-descendant population has historically faced more precarious working conditions and lower incomes than the non-Afrodescendant population, even after controlling for human capital characteristics. This study analyzes wage discrimination against the Afro-Colombian population during the period 2021–2024, using data from the Great Integrated Household Survey (GEIH) conducted by DANE. Using an OLS model and the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition, the wage gap between Afro-descendants and nonAfro-descendants is estimated, controlling for characteristics such as education, experience, and economic sector. The results show that Afro-descendant workers earn on average 8,9% less than their non-Afro-descendant counterparts. The total wage gap amounts to 21,6%, a significant proportion of which corresponds to unexplained factors, interpreted as evidence of racial discrimination. These findings suggest that, in addition to closing gaps in human capital, policies are needed to directly address the mechanisms of discrimination in the labor market
Determinantes de la informalidad laboral en Norte de Santander: un análisis comparativo 2021–2024 a partir de la GEIH
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-06-10) Gomez Quintero, Hender Javier; Bermúdez González, Yoana Patricia; Caraballo, Leonardo Javier; Universidad Santo Tomas
Border dynamics and migration make informal work one of the main socioeconomic problems in the department of Norte de Santander. This study aims to analyze the sociodemographic and labor determinants of informality for the years 2021 and 2024 using a quantitative approach and a logistic regression model with a complex sampling design applied to microdata from the GEIH (Integrated Household Survey). The variables analyzed showed that the probability of belonging to the informal sector tends to decrease with higher levels of education and older age, while it tends to increase if one is female, has migratory status (analyzed by place of birth), and holds certain occupations. Informality decreased from 83.17% in 2021 to 78.88% in 2024, but when controlling for individual characteristics, the recovery appears heterogeneous, and structural disparities persist and deepen. These results demonstrate the importance and necessity of strengthening policies aimed at formalizing employment and improving the quality of work in the region.
Análisis económico y financiero para el otorgamiento de nanocréditos y formulación de un plan de mejora que brinde sostenibilidad empresarial en Multiprestamo Colombia S.A.S
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-06-09) Maestre Bonilla, Santiago Carlos; Bermúdez González, Yoana Patricia; Universidad Santo Tomás
The purpose of this internship at MULTIPRESTAMO COLOMBIA is to strengthen my professional skills and apply them to community-based projects. Specifically, I will be responsible for promoting the disbursement of microloans to clients with a good credit history. It is important to recognize the various platforms and tools that allow for gathering accurate and concise information about each potential client, as well as providing them with security and payment guarantees for their products, thereby achieving national and international recognition.
Transformación digital como estrategia de fortalecimiento de la competitividad en las mipymes del sector de restaurantes en la ciudad de Ocaña
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-05-08) Correa Camacho, Samuel Felipe; Palacio Prado, Valentina; Bracho Colina, Erimar Carolina; Universidad Santo Tomás
The research presented below addresses the issue of digital transformation as a strategy for improving competitiveness among micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the restaurant sector in the city of Ocaña. The problem stems from the need for these businesses to adapt to the challenge of an increasingly dynamic market, where the use of digital technologies is seen as a key element that fosters efficiency, innovation, and adaptability. The main objective was to analyse how the use of digital tools helps increase productivity and achieve sustainable competitive advantages for small restaurants. The methodology was mixed, combining quantitative data collection through surveys of owners and managers of selected restaurants with qualitative interviews that helped to delve deeper into the perceptions and experiences of stakeholders in the restaurant sector. The results indicate that MSMEs that undertake digital transformation processes improve customer service, market reach, and internal operations, thereby enhancing their competitiveness.
Desempeño y funciones en el área de análisis de crédito en la empresa Multiprestamo Colombia SAS.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-03-19) Sanabria Márquez, Jesús Alberto; Caraballo, Leonardo Javier; Universidad Santo Tomás
This report documents the professional intervention carried out at the Fintech company Multiprestamo Colombia S.A.S. The problem identified was the slow loan approval process and the lack of reliable information about migrant clients. The objective focused on streamlining processes and creating strategic alliances to improve financial inclusion and ensure the Fintech's profitability. The method consisted of optimizing the platform's digital workflow and engaging partner companies as trusted filters to attract lower-risk profiles. The results highlighted a reduction in response times and the consolidation of a solid network of institutional partners. The main discussion concludes that the combination of technological agility and social capital not only reduces losses but also strengthens the company's social impact and competitiveness in the market.
Informe opción de grado práctica profesional
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-03-12) Sayago Villamizar, Farid; Caraballo, Leonardo Javier; Universidad Santo Tomás
This report documents the professional internship carried out at Regional Business Colombia S.A.S., under the Intcomex brand, focused on data analysis for human talent management and KPI compliance monitoring, along with data cleaning, transformation, and modeling for the evaluation of certain payroll procedures. The internship arose from the need for a data analyst with an emphasis on data storytelling and Business Intelligence (BI) knowledge within the human resources area, due to an increase in employee turnover, requiring the ability to assess regional performance and manage strategic analytical projects. The main objective was to analyze the relationship between KPI compliance and variable payroll payments across the company’s subsidiaries in different countries, as well as to automate procedures for measuring business performance data through key indicators and variable payroll payments. To achieve this, ETL processes were applied to clean and unify databases, followed by the modeling of complex data structures for final visualization through BI tools. The results included the creation of automated dashboards that identified the level of compliance across departments, optimizing visualization and process improvement with a significant impact on decision-making within the human capital area, demonstrating that quantitative performance analysis is crucial for assessing employee profitability and efficiency, facilitating the extraction of insights for stakeholders and supporting strategic decision-making in talent management.
Aplicación de herramientas de visualización y automatización para el control de información en la Banca Wealth del BBVA Colombia
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-03-04) Castillo Mogollón, Jesús David; Caraballo, Leonardo Javier; Universidad Santo Tomás
BBVA Colombia’s Wealth Banking division faces challenges related to the consolidation, updating, and visualization of financial information reported by relationship managers, which hinders effective monitoring of business growth and product performance. To develop digital tools that strengthen financial information management and analysis by facilitating data consolidation and visualization to support decision-making. This professional internship followed an applied approach that involved assessing alternatives automation; initially, the use of Apps Script was considered to create an automated database, but this initiative was paused due to operational priorities within the area. Subsequently, a structured database was designed from scratch using importrange functions to consolidate information recorded individually by each relationship manager into a single file, complemented by the development of interactive dashboards in Looker Studio. The project enabled the establishment of a more organized and scalable information structure that supports data integration and visualization by region, product, and relationship manager. Although the tools are in an early stage of implementation, they lay the groundwork for more reliable and structured financial information management, aligned with BBVA Colombia’s digital transformation processes.
Contribuciones al área de Regulación Financiera en el Acueducto Metropolitano de Bucaramanga
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-02-26) Lizcano Villamizar, Laura Fernanda; Bermúdez González, Yoana Patricia; Universidad Santo Tomás
The Acueducto Metropolitano de Bucaramanga S.A. E.S.P. plays a fundamental role in the provision of public water supply services, which requires adequate financial and regulatory management to ensure its sustainability. The main issue that motivated the development of my professional internship was the need to strengthen the processes of updating, systematizing, and reporting financial and regulatory information to external entities. The objective was to support the strengthening of the Regulatory Area of the Financial Management Department through activities related to updating corporate indicators, preparing technical reports, developing macroeconomic projections, and reviewing financial statements such as the income statement and the balance sheet. As a result of the work carried out during the internship, it was possible to improve the organization and monitoring of corporate indicators, as well as optimize the preparation of reports requested by external entities, including the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit. I also supported the projection of economic variables relevant to the company’s financial planning. During January and February, I contributed to the review of the consolidated 2025 year‑end report submitted to the Ministry of Finance, verifying the fulfillment of the projections established for that year and assisting in the development of the initial scenarios for the 2026 financial projections. This experience strengthened internal processes within the Regulatory Area and consolidated my technical and analytical skills, allowing me to better understand the role of financial and regulatory analysis in the management of public utilities companies.
Informe de prácticas en Colombia telecomunicaciones S.A.S E.S.P
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-02-25) Castro Arenas, Jose Alejandro; Caraballo, Leonardo Javier; Universidad Santo Tomás
In the Interconnection and Roaming Financial Management area of Telefónica Movistar Colombia, the workload is high, largely due to the fact that many activities are carried out manually. In practice, this situation extends response times and generates risks in the handling of financial information. Based on this context, the professional internship focused on supporting the area in improving its processes, particularly those that were most repetitive and time-consuming. During the first weeks, the existing workflows were reviewed to identify tasks that required greater operational effort. This analysis made it possible to detect activities that could be simplified. As a result, a support tool was developed in Microsoft Excel using Power Query and initially implemented to assist daily operations. This tool enabled the integration, organization, and validation of information from multiple files, thereby facilitating the monitoring of open items and the recording of financial transactions. The results observed in this initial stage were positive. The analyzed processes showed a significant reduction in execution times, close to 80%, as well as a decreased need for constant manual validations. Although the tool still requires supervision and further adjustments, its use contributed to improving the area’s workflow and provided a clear starting point for the continued strengthening of financial processes.
Análisis del comportamiento de las maestrías en ciencias económicas y maestría en economía para el período 2020 a 2025 en Colombia.
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-01-22) Navarrete Amado, María Alejandra; Preciado Moreno, Nestor Dario; Universidad Santo Tomás; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0002001821
The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of master's programs in Economics and Economic Sciences in Colombia during the period 2020-2025. This analysis is framed within a context of profound social, economic, and technological transformations resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, advances in digitalization, and changes in the Colombian labor market. The research seeks to understand the dynamics of enrollment, retention, graduation, curricular changes, teaching modalities, and student profiles in these programs, with the aim of providing input for improving academic offerings and their relevance in the national context.
Informe final para la opción de grado de práctica empresarial
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2026-01-27) Manzano Alsina, Juan Felipe; Caraballo, Leonardo Javier; Universidad Santo Tomás
This report aims to present the development of the professional internship conducted at SLB as a degree option within the Economics program, as well as the formulation and execution of the project developed for the SLB GBS HRSEA team. During the internship, a problem related to information dispersion, dependence on direct training, and limited functional integration of the HRSEA Intern during the initial stages of onboarding was identified. In response, the HRSEA Knowledge Hub was proposed and implemented as a learning platform aimed at improving the learning curve, centralizing knowledge, and consequently enhancing the operational efficiency of the team. The project focused on reviewing existing training processes for interns and centralizing essential knowledge into a digital platform that incorporates learning feedback mechanisms. Although it was not possible to fully consolidate the platform with a new intern during the internship period, the project was internally recognized as a resource with strong potential for future onboarding processes, achieving the centralization of key knowledge required for role performance as a tangible result. This proposal demonstrates that structured learning strengthens the intern’s capacity to support agents and improves effectiveness during the early stages of integration.
Practica Profesional Fundacion Sevicol
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-12-18) Esteban Laguado, Juan David; Bermúdez González, Yoana Patricia; Universidad Santo Tomás
During my professional internship at Fundación Sevicol, I had the opportunity to participate in administrative, accounting, and documentation processes, where I identified several operational needs related to organization and efficiency. To address these challenges, I developed an improvement plan aimed at optimizing internal management through control and monitoring tools. Using a descriptive and continuous improvement methodology (PDCA cycle), I assessed key processes, implemented adjustments, and evaluated outcomes. The results showed improvements in document organization, accounting accuracy, and internal communication, contributing to more efficient operations. This experience demonstrated how structured management practices can enhance institutional performance and promote sustainable organizational growth
Informe de practica profesional en el area de compras en dana transejes
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-12-17) Gonzalez Giraldo, David Humberto; Bermudez Gonzalez, Yoana Patricia; Universidad Santo Tomás
Problem: Dduring my internship at DANA Transejes, thanks to the opportunity I had to provide support in the purchasing department, I identified the need to optimize the department's processes, especially the most critical ones, such as supplier evaluation, efficient management of the requisition flow, and finally, the commercial experience through communication with suppliers and the use of portals with valuable information for future professional development. Objective: The objective of joining the company was to apply the knowledge acquired during my university studies (Economics), contributing to the strengthening of the purchasing department by improving the efficiency of its processes, in order to increase the organization's competitiveness. Method: I was able to perform various departmental functions, including supplier evaluation, support quotations, participation in various meetings with suppliers, and the use of QAD software for preparing summaries and purchase orders. Results: as a purchasing team, we reduced requisition processing times, improved communication with suppliers through evaluations, and, thanks to my team's contributions, I was able to make decisions regarding purchase orders, managing the entire process from initial negotiation to order issuance. These actions generated mutual benefit and optimal professional development for both me and the company. Discussion: my experience at the company allowed me to apply the various theories learned during my university studies in a real-world work environment. This enabled me to develop my skills and abilities to the fullest, including adopting a strategic role and the capacity to make decisions in a company as large as DANA Transejes. This internship was a significant contribution to my life, not only professionally but also personally.
Informe práctica Dirección de Impuestos y Aduanas Nacionales
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-12-17) Acosta Ramírez, Camilo Andrés; Bermúdez Gonzáles, Yoana; Universidad Santo Tomás
The National Tax and Customs Directorate is a public institution responsible for ensuring the fiscal security of the Colombian State and safeguarding national public order. The Human Talent Division is part of the Bucaramanga branch, where the professional internship was carried out. The purpose of this report is to present the outcomes of the internship experience. The activities performed included providing support and follow-up on contractual processes required by the institution, particularly those related to employee wellness initiatives, as well as managing databases for analytical and interpretive purposes. Additionally, tasks involved the inspection and maintenance of safety equipment such as first aid kits, fire extinguishers, and limb immobilization kits, among others. Throughout the process, the institution implemented various internal strategies through the Human Talent Division, which is responsible for planning, coordinating, and executing activities, educational talks, and recreational events for staff. These initiatives are designed to promote employee well-being, with a particular emphasis on physical and mental health. Furthermore, the organization promotes a “trust store” initiative—a self-service station offering snacks and groceries—whose functionality relies entirely on the honesty of employees, reflecting the core values upheld by DIAN.
Informe de Práctica Profesional: Cámara de Comercio de Bucaramanga
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-12-15) Ariza González, Jhan Carlos; Bermúdez González, Yoana Patricia; Universidad Santo Tomás
The purpose of this document is to consolidate a methodology for systematically evaluating the economic spillover generated by commercial and business events organized by external partners and financially supported by the Bucaramanga Chamber of Commerce (CCB) through the Business Promotion Fund. This evaluation aims to determine the institution's efficiency in terms of cost-effectiveness and its contribution to regional economic development. Using a mixed-methods approach (quantitative and qualitative), a proposed economic evaluation is structured to include the standardization of internal processes, the design and application of data collection instruments, data gathering and analysis, the generation of key performance indicators (KPIs), and the preparation of periodic technical reports. The goal is to measure stakeholder satisfaction, identify tangible economic benefits (such as sales and lead generation), and estimate the cost-benefit for the institution from each of the supported events.
Informe de práctica empresarial realizado en SQDM S.A.S
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2025-11-25) Avilés Gómez, Santiago Alejandro; Bermúdez González, Yohana Patricia; Universidad Santo Tomás
The purpose of this report is to describe the activities carried out during the business internship, completed as a degree option at SQDM S.A.S, within the operations area on a project developed for Claro Colombia. These activities were related to financial management and the administration of service purchase orders, with the aim of ensuring that the services provided by third parties were carried out correctly and efficiently. As a proposal for improvement, it was found that the textual instructions used for training soles down the learning process for new members of the Business Analytical Strategies area, which increased the learning curve and affected the efficiency of the processes carried out in the company. As a proposal for an improvement plan for the business internship, it was proposed to create clear and easily accessible audiovisual instructions. This idea seeks to reduce learning time and decrease errors, contributing to more efficient management.
Botanica Económica
(Universidad Santo Tomás, 2018) Sánchez, Leonardo; Universidad Santo Tomás

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